Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following are functions of proteins? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are functions of proteins? (Select all that apply)
- They provide structural support for many animal tissues. (correct)
- They can store genetic information.
- They play a key role in the contraction of muscles. (correct)
- They transport ions and molecules across cell membranes. (correct)
Proteins are made up of one or more unbranched chains of?
Proteins are made up of one or more unbranched chains of?
amino acids
What describes the chemical structure of a typical amino acid?
What describes the chemical structure of a typical amino acid?
A central carbon atom is bound to an amino group, carboxyl group, a side chain, and a hydrogen atom.
What type of bond forms between two amino acids during dehydration synthesis?
What type of bond forms between two amino acids during dehydration synthesis?
Which characteristic of a protein determines its function?
Which characteristic of a protein determines its function?
Choose the functions of proteins in living cells. (Select all that apply)
Choose the functions of proteins in living cells. (Select all that apply)
Proteins are polymers made up of how many different amino acids?
Proteins are polymers made up of how many different amino acids?
What are the three major structural components of an amino acid?
What are the three major structural components of an amino acid?
The structure of proteins is discussed in terms of how many levels?
The structure of proteins is discussed in terms of how many levels?
When two amino acids are linked together, a peptide bond is formed between the _____ group of one and the _____ group of the other.
When two amino acids are linked together, a peptide bond is formed between the _____ group of one and the _____ group of the other.
Which of the following determines the function of a protein molecule?
Which of the following determines the function of a protein molecule?
The structure of _____ is usually discussed in terms of a hierarchy of 4 levels.
The structure of _____ is usually discussed in terms of a hierarchy of 4 levels.
Match the following levels of protein organization with their definitions:
Match the following levels of protein organization with their definitions:
The covalent bond that joins two amino acids is called a _____ bond.
The covalent bond that joins two amino acids is called a _____ bond.
How many polypeptides are present in a protein whose highest level of structure is tertiary structure?
How many polypeptides are present in a protein whose highest level of structure is tertiary structure?
What level of protein organization involves two or more polypeptide chains?
What level of protein organization involves two or more polypeptide chains?
The amino acid sequence of its polypeptides is called the _____ structure of a protein.
The amino acid sequence of its polypeptides is called the _____ structure of a protein.
What is the primary structure of a protein?
What is the primary structure of a protein?
Regarding polypeptides, the two basic types of _____ structure are alpha _____ and beta-pleated sheet.
Regarding polypeptides, the two basic types of _____ structure are alpha _____ and beta-pleated sheet.
Which type of interaction involves the formation of a covalent bond between two different amino acid side chains?
Which type of interaction involves the formation of a covalent bond between two different amino acid side chains?
Select the disease type that could result from a deficiency in chaperone proteins.
Select the disease type that could result from a deficiency in chaperone proteins.
Which interactions help determine a protein's tertiary structure? (Select all that apply)
Which interactions help determine a protein's tertiary structure? (Select all that apply)
Individual polypeptides within a protein are referred to as which of the following?
Individual polypeptides within a protein are referred to as which of the following?
Diseases caused by the improper folding of proteins may be due to deficiencies in ____ proteins.
Diseases caused by the improper folding of proteins may be due to deficiencies in ____ proteins.
The tertiary structure of a protein is determined primarily by interactions involving which of the following?
The tertiary structure of a protein is determined primarily by interactions involving which of the following?
Which best describes the relationship between temperature and enzyme activity?
Which best describes the relationship between temperature and enzyme activity?
If the interactions maintaining the 3-dimensional shape of a protein are disrupted and the polypeptide chains completely unfold, how is this protein described?
If the interactions maintaining the 3-dimensional shape of a protein are disrupted and the polypeptide chains completely unfold, how is this protein described?
Which statements about the relationship between enzymes and environmental conditions are true? (Select all that apply)
Which statements about the relationship between enzymes and environmental conditions are true? (Select all that apply)
Protein denaturation may be caused by an increase in which of the following? (Select all that apply)
Protein denaturation may be caused by an increase in which of the following? (Select all that apply)
Changes in a protein's environment can cause it to unfold and lose its shape in a process called?
Changes in a protein's environment can cause it to unfold and lose its shape in a process called?
Which describes denatured proteins?
Which describes denatured proteins?
True or false: Protein structure is usually not affected by changes in the temperature, pH, or ionic concentration of the surrounding solution.
True or false: Protein structure is usually not affected by changes in the temperature, pH, or ionic concentration of the surrounding solution.
Changes in a protein's shape can alter its ability to function or even cause it to become biologically?
Changes in a protein's shape can alter its ability to function or even cause it to become biologically?
Study Notes
Functions of Proteins
- Proteins play a crucial role in muscle contraction, transport of ions and molecules, providing structural support, and catalyzing biochemical reactions.
- They are essential for moving materials within cells and transporting oxygen in vertebrate blood.
- Proteins help the immune system recognize and eliminate foreign microbes and cancer cells.
Structure of Proteins
- Proteins consist of unbranched chains of amino acids.
- A typical amino acid has a central carbon atom bound to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a side chain (R), and a hydrogen atom.
- The structure of proteins is discussed in four hierarchical levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
Amino Acids and Bonds
- 20 different amino acids serve as the building blocks for proteins.
- A peptide bond forms between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another during dehydration synthesis.
Protein Organization
- The primary structure refers to the linear sequence of amino acids.
- Secondary structure includes folding patterns like α-helixes and β-pleated sheets.
- Tertiary structure refers to the overall 3D shape of a polypeptide.
- Quaternary structure involves the interaction of two or more polypeptide chains.
Protein Interactions
- Hydrophobic exclusion drives proteins into their tertiary structure.
- Disulfide bridges, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds contribute to the stability of the tertiary structure.
- Chaperone proteins assist in proper protein folding; deficiencies can lead to diseases from misfolding.
Denaturation of Proteins
- Denaturation occurs when a protein's 3D shape is disrupted, causing it to unfold and lose functionality.
- Factors leading to denaturation include increased temperature, changes in ionic concentration, and alterations in pH.
- Denatured proteins are typically inactive.
Enzyme Activity
- Each enzyme has an optimal temperature for peak performance.
- Enzymes are sensitive to environmental changes, which can affect their structure and activity.
- Maintaining favorable conditions is vital for optimal enzyme functioning.
Additional Facts
- Individual polypeptide chains within a protein are referred to as subunits.
- Protein structure is significantly influenced by the properties of the R groups of amino acids.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge on the functions and structure of proteins with these flashcards. This quiz covers key roles of proteins in muscles, transport, support, and catalysis. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding in Week 3 of biology studies.
