Biology Week 1: ATP-ADP Cycle

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary outcome of aerobic respiration in cells?

Production of ethanol and carbon dioxide

Breakdown of glucose without ATP

Generation of heat and light energy

Conversion of chemical energy into ATP (correct)

Which stage of the Calvin cycle involves incorporating CO2 into an organic material?

Reduction

Carbon fixation (correct)

Electron transport chain

Regeneration of RuBP

What is the net gain of ATP produced during aerobic respiration?

10 ATP

2-4 ATP

36-38 ATP (correct)

24 ATP

What distinguishes anaerobic respiration from aerobic respiration?

It does not require oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

In the Calvin cycle, what happens to some of the G3P molecules produced during reduction?

They are recycled to regenerate RuBP. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ATP in cells?

It acts as the energy currency of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the process of phosphorylation?

The addition of phosphate to an organic compound. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the process that provides free energy to phosphorylate ADP?

Catabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is hydrolysis in the context of ATP?

The process of breaking down ATP into ADP and a phosphate group. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes an endergonic reaction?

It absorbs energy to do work. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of ATP is responsible for storing energy?

Phosphate groups Signup and view all the answers

What role do pigments play in cells?

They absorb visible light of different wavelengths. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of photoexcitation on a molecule?

It produces an excited state by photon absorption. Signup and view all the answers

What role do carotenoids play in plants?

They assist in photosynthesis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary green pigment found in the thylakoid of chloroplasts?

Chlorophyll Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the chloroplast is responsible for the absorption of light?

Granum Signup and view all the answers

What does visible light refer to in terms of wavelength?

380-750 nm Signup and view all the answers

Which fruit is NOT known to contain xanthophyll?

Apples Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the porphyrin ring in chlorophyll?

To absorb photons Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pigments is primarily responsible for red and purple colors in fruits?

Anthocyanin Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure that represents a stack of thylakoids?

Granum Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the light harvesting complex in photosynthesis?

To funnel energy from photons to the reaction center Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a product of the light reactions of photosynthesis?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

Where do photosystems 1 and 2 primarily take place within the plant cell?

Thylakoid or Granum Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the noncyclic electron flow during photosynthesis?

Generation of ATP and NADPH Signup and view all the answers

Which component is primarily associated with reducing NADP+ to NADPH?

NADP reductase Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of photosynthesis is glucose produced?

Dark reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ATP synthase in photosynthesis?

To synthesize ATP from ADP and phosphate Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the process of cellular respiration?

Conversion of glucose into energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary location for glycolysis to occur?

Cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a product of the Krebs Cycle?

Carbon Dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is produced during the electron transport chain?

ATP Signup and view all the answers

What type of organism are obligate anaerobes?

Microorganisms that are killed by normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the net gain of ATP during glycolysis?

2 ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is the final product of fermentation in animal cells?

Lactic acid Signup and view all the answers

Facultative anaerobes can perform which of the following processes in the absence of oxygen?

Fermentation Signup and view all the answers

During the electron transport chain, what input molecules are primarily required?

NADH and FADH Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Week 1: ATP-ADP Cycle

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the energy currency used throughout cells.
ATP is composed of adenine, ribose, and phosphate groups.
Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate group to an organic compound, adding energy.
Dephosphorylation is the removal of a phosphate group, releasing energy.
Catabolism breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones, providing free energy for phosphorylation.
Anabolism builds complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy.
Exergonic reactions release energy, while endergonic reactions absorb energy.
ATP is essential for chemical work, transport work, and mechanical work within cells.
ADP (adenosine diphosphate) is an important compound in cellular metabolism and energy flow.
Hydrolysis breaks down bonds between phosphate groups in ATP to form ADP and release energy.

Week 2: Structure of Chloroplast

Chloroplasts are organelles in plant and photosynthetic algal cells.
Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis.
Chromatography separates components of mixtures based on differences in structure or composition.
Pigments absorb light, changing or adding color to an object.
Different pigments absorb light at different wavelengths.
Carotenoids provide yellow, orange, and red colors to plants and fruits.
Xanthophyll is a type of hydrocarbon pigment.
Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light, giving plants their green color.
Photoexcitation is the process where a quantum system is energized by photon absorption.

Week 3: Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process in which plants and plant-like organisms create energy from sunlight.
The chemical equation for photosynthesis is 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
Photosynthesis involves light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
Light reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane, producing ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.
Dark reactions (Calvin Cycle) involve CO2, taking place in the stroma to produce glucose.
Photosystems 1 and 2 are located on thylakoids, absorbing light energy to create chemical energy.
Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a membrane creating chemical energy.
NADP reductase produces the electron carrier NADPH.
ATP synthase produces ATP.

Week 4: Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration is the process of converting sugars into usable energy, creating ATP.
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, producing 36-38 ATPs.
Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen, producing 2 ATPs.
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain are involved in aerobic respiration.
Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate in the cytoplasm.
Krebs cycle in mitochondria converts pyruvate into CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2
The electron transport chain uses energy from NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP.
Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration that produces lactic acid or ethanol.

Week 5: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain

Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.
The Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) processes pyruvate, producing ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2.
The electron transport chain uses electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) to produce ATP and water.
These processes occur in mitochondria.

Week 6: Fermentation

Facultative anaerobes utilize aerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen, and fermentation otherwise.
Obligate anaerobes cannot survive in the presence of oxygen, relying on fermentation.
Fermentation releases energy from glucose without oxygen.
Alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol and carbon dioxide, used in making alcohol.
Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid, used in dairy industries.

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Description

This quiz covers the ATP-ADP cycle, highlighting the importance of ATP as the energy currency in cells. It explores concepts such as phosphorylation, dephosphorylation, catabolism, and anabolism, as well as the roles of exergonic and endergonic reactions. Test your understanding of cellular energy processes and the significance of ATP and ADP in metabolism.