Biology Week 1: ATP-ADP Cycle

Plant pigments that give fruits and vegetables their yellow, orange, and red colors.

A green pigment in plants that absorbs light for photosynthesis, primarily in the blue and red part of the light spectrum causing the plant to appear green.

A disc-shaped organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs.

A type of carotenoid that gives fruits and vegetables yellow colors.

Plant pigments responsible for the red, purple, and blue colors of fruits and flowers.

The process by which plants use sunlight to create sugars from carbon dioxide and water.

Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between 380-750 nm that plants use for photosynthesis.

Streams of photons, packets of energy that travel as waves, part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Chloroplasts have outer and inner membranes, stroma, thylakoid membranes, and grana.

Adenosine triphosphate, the energy currency of the cell, used in various cellular processes.

Adenosine diphosphate, a key compound in metabolism, crucial for energy flow in living cells.

Adding a phosphate group to a molecule, often adding energy.

Removing a phosphate group from a molecule, often releasing energy.

Breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy.

Building complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy.

A reaction that releases energy.

A reaction that requires energy to occur.

Synthesis of polymers from monomers.

Moving substances across membranes.

Beating of cilia, muscle contractions.

Breaking down a molecule by chemically adding water.

Producing an excited state in a system by absorbing light.

A set of metabolic reactions that use oxygen to convert chemical energy into ATP in cells.

Adenosine triphosphate; the main energy currency of cells.

A series of reactions that converts carbon dioxide into glucose.

The initial step in the Calvin cycle, where inorganic carbon is incorporated into organic molecules.

The stage in the Calvin cycle where electrons are transferred, converting molecules.

The stage of the Calvin cycle where RuBP is regenerated to continue the cycle.

Cellular respiration that does not require oxygen to produce energy.

The first stage of respiration, breaking down glucose.

A part of aerobic respiration that occurs in the mitochondria.

A series of reactions in respiration that produces much ATP.

A group of pigments bound to proteins that capture light energy and transfer it to the reaction center.

A complex containing a pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor that initiates electron transfer during photosynthesis.

A photosystem in the thylakoid membrane that absorbs light at a wavelength of 700nm and is involved in ATP and NADPH production.

A photosystem in the thylakoid membrane that absorbs light at a wavelength of 680nm, splits water, and releases oxygen as a byproduct.

The first stage of photosynthesis, where light energy is used to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.

The second stage of photosynthesis, where ATP and NADPH are used to convert CO2 into glucose.

A process that produces ATP without producing NADPH, using only Photosystem 1.

Movement of ions across a membrane down their electrochemical gradient.

An enzyme that produces ATP using the energy from the hydrogen ion gradient.

An enzyme that reduces NADP+ into NADPH.

The process by which plants and other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy.

A self-feeding method of making energy using light and other components.

The process of breaking down glucose to release energy, producing ATP.

Both types of cells use cellular respiration to release energy.

First stage of cellular respiration, breaking glucose into pyruvic acid.

The cytoplasm

Net gain of 2 ATP from glycolysis.

A process that creates energy from glucose without oxygen.

Mitochondria matrix

Acetyl Coenzyme A, NAD+, FAD, ADP, and H2O

Carbon dioxide, ATP, NADH, and FADH2

Inner mitochondrial membrane

NADH, FADH2, ADP, O2

ATP, H2O, NAD+

Organisms capable of switching to fermentation if oxygen is absent.

Organisms that are killed by oxygen.

An electron carrier important in cellular respiration and energy production.

An electron carrier in cellular respiration, aiding energy production.