Week 1: ATP-ADP Cycle PDF

Week 1 : ATP-ADP Cycle PHOSPHORYLATION - biochemical process that involves the addition of phosphate to an organic compound PHOSPH...

Week 1 : ATP-ADP Cycle PHOSPHORYLATION - biochemical process that involves the addition of phosphate to an organic compound PHOSPHORYLATE - phosphate & energy added. DEPHOSPHORYLATE - phosphate removal & energy released. CATABOLISM - it provides the free energy to phosphorylate ADP. It is the breakdown of complex into numerous simple ones. ANABOLISM - It is the building of complex ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP) molecules into numerous simple ones. -Found in all forms of life. It is the energy currency “molecular unit of currency” used EXERGONIC - The ‘yielding process’. throughout the cell. ENDERGONIC - The ‘consuming process’. PARTS OF ATP A reaction that requires energy to do work Adenine ‘absorbing energy in the form of work’. Ribose Phosphate groups Week 2 : Structure of chemical work: synthesis of polymers from monomers (pushing of endergonic Chloroplast reactions) transport work: pumping of substances CHROMATOGRAPHY - is a separation across membranes (against the direction technique used to identify various of spontaneous movement) components of mixtures based on the mechanical work: beating of cilia, differences in their structure and/or contraction of muscles composition. ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE (ADP) - PIGMENTS - are substances that absorb important compound in metabolism and visible light. Different pigments absorb light essential to the flow of energy in all living of different wavelengths. Used to add color cells. or change the visual appearance of an object. HYDROLYSIS - process of breaking down bonds between the phosphate groups. PHOTOEXCITATION - is the production of Broken bond by reaction with water, an excited state of a quantum system by Forming of Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) photon absorption.  Carotenoids are Plant pigments that are CHLOROPLAST - can be found only in responsible for their yellow, bright red, and plants and photosynthetic algae. Its job is to orange color are carotenoids that play a key carry out photosynthesis. A disc-shaped role in plant health. Different vegetables and organelles found in the cytosol of a cell. fruits in which carotenoids are present: yams, carrots, sweet potatoes, watermelon, papaya, cantaloupe, spinach, mangos, kale, tomatoes, oranges, bell peppers. Xanthophyll is the molecule known as hydrocarbons and found in orange and yellow fruits and vegetables, for example, pumpkin, cantaloupe, sweet potatoes, apricots and carrots. PARTS OF CHLOROPLAST LIGHT - also refers to electromagnetic Outer membrane radiation. It is the streams of photons that Inner membrane contain packets of energy that travel like Intermembrane space wavelengths. Lipid droplet Stroma VISIBLE LIGHT - have a wavelength of Thylakoid 380-750 nm, A segment of entire Chloroplast DNA electromagnetic spectrum. Lamella Granum (Grana - singular) Lumen (Thylakoid space) Ribosome Starch granule CHLOROPHYLL - a pigment that gives plants their green color. Greenish pigment found in thylakoid, It absorbs blue and red light that generates its green color. REFLECTION - pigments that can't be Head - flat hydrophilic head called absorbed by an object will be reflected. porphyrin ring. It has a magnesium atom at its center. PHOTOSYSTEM - aggregate of pigments Tail - lipid-soluble hydrocarbon tail. and proteins in the thylakoid membrane responsible for the absorption of photons Anthocyanins are particularly found in and the transfer of energy and electrons. fruits such as grapes, purple grapes, black berries, strawberries, and raspberries. LIGHT HARVESTING COMPLEX - also called an ‘antenna’ complex. It consists of different pigments bound  with proteins. They funnel the energy from photons of light to the reaction center. LIGHT REACTION - use sunlight to initiate REACTION CENTER COMPLEX - it electron transfer, thereby reducing NADP+ is composed of a pair of chlorophyll to NADPH and splitting water to give off a and a primary electron acceptor. oxygen as a by-product. (Dependent) PHOTOSYSTEM 1 - 700 nanometer Location : Thylakoid or Granum Input : Water (H2O) and PHOTOSYSTEM 2 - 680 nanometer Light/Photon Output : ATP, NADPH, and Oxygen *both ps1 and ps2 are located on thylakoids byproduct. WEEK 3 : PHOTOSYNTHESIS 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ AUTOTROPHIC PROCESS : Plants and plant-like organisms make their energy (glucose) from sunlight. NONCYCLIC ELECTRON FLOW - are DARK REACTION - also known as ‘Calvin substances that absorb visible light. Cycle’ discovered by Dr. Melvin Calvin, it Different pigments absorb light of different does not require light energy for its wavelengths processes to take place. (Independent) CYCLIC ELECTRON FLOW - is the Location : Stroma production of an excited state of a quantum Input : NADPH, ATP, Carbon system by photon absorption Dioxide (CO2) Output : Glucose CHEMIOSMOSIS - the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient. NADP REDUCTASE - produces the electron carrier NADPH ATP SYNTHASE - is an enzyme that is responsible for the great production of ATPs. This happens when it uses the energy coming from H+ ions to bind ADP and phosphate group together to produce ATP.  CELLULAR RESPIRATION - is the process through which cells convert sugars into energy. To create ATP and other forms of energy to power cellular reactions, cells require fuel and an electron acceptor which drives the chemical process of turning energy into a usable form. AEROBIC RESPIRATION - is a set of metabolic reactions that take place in the presence of oxygen, occurring in a cell to convert chemical energy into ATPs. ➔ Requires oxygen 3 PHASES OF CALVIN CYCLE ➔ Eukaryotic cells uses it ➔ Energy released (36-38 ATPs) 1. CARBON FIXATION - of ➔ ATP produced (38 ATP) incorporating an inorganic carbon ➔ Net gain (36 ATP) molecule, CO2, into an organic ➔ Reaction Site (Cytoplasm, material. Mitochondria) 2. REDUCTION - This stage gets its ➔ Stages involved (Glycolysis, Kreb’s name because NADPH donates Cycle, ETC) electrons to, or reduces, a ➔ Final Product (Carbon Dioxide and three-carbon intermediate to make water) G3P. 3. REGENERATION OF RuBP - ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION - is a process provides another set of RuBP to of cellular respiration to produce energy continue the cycle, Some G3P without the presence of oxygen. molecules go to make glucose, while others must be recycled to ➔ Doesn’t require oxygen regenerate the RuBP acceptor. ➔ Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes uses it Week 4 : Cellular Respiration ➔ Energy released (2ATPs) ➔ ATP produced (4 ATP) ➔ Net gain (2 ATP) NADH - Nicotinamide adenine ➔ Reaction site (Cytoplasm) dinucleotide ➔ Stages involved (Glycolysis, FADH - Flavin adenine dinucleotide Fermentation) NADPH - Nicotinamide adenine ➔ Final product (Lactic acid [animal dinucleotide phosphate cell], Carbon dioxide and ethanol [plant cell]) Week 5 : Glycolysis, Krebs Output : NADH, CO2, FADH, Coenzyme A Cycle, Electron Transport Location : Mitochondria Matrix (Cristae) Chain GLYCOLYSIS – it is the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken down to form two molecules of pyruvic acid. Input : 2ATP, Glucose, 2ADP, NADP+ Output : 4ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2NADH, H+, 2ADP Location : Cytoplasm ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC) – electrons are passed along the chain from one protein to another. Input : NADH, 2H, FADH, ADP, O2 Output : ATP, NAD+, FAD+, H2O Location : Inner membrane of mitochondria KREBS CYCLE – forms (per two molecules of pyruvic acid) carbon dioxide, two ATP molecules, 6 NADH molecules, and 2 FADH2 molecules. Input : H2O, NADP+, FAD, ATP, Acetyl Coenzyme A Week 6 : Fermentation Facultative anaerobes - is an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation if oxygen is absent. Obligate anaerobes - are microorganisms killed by normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen. Fermentation – releases energy from glucose without the presence of oxygen. PARTS OF MITOCHONDRIA Alcoholic fermentation - Yeasts are single-celled fungi that carry out alcoholic fermentation. Lactic acid fermentation - In lactic acid fermentation, NADH produced during glycolysis transfers hydrogen atoms to reduce pyruvate thereby creating NAD and lactic acid as its products. is also the process used in dairy industries to make cheese, yogurt, and buttermilk. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION - can be either obligate or facultative. Yeast and most bacteria can make ATP through oxidative phosphorylation or fermentation and are called facultative anaerobes. Anaerobic respiration is relatively rapid and it does not require oxygen but it only generates only two ATPs and produces lactic acid.