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Questions and Answers
What primarily drives the movement of matter and energy across gradients?
What primarily drives the movement of matter and energy across gradients?
Which substance moves from a high concentration in the blood to a low concentration in the lungs?
Which substance moves from a high concentration in the blood to a low concentration in the lungs?
During exhalation, which type of gradient is primarily involved in the movement of air out of the lungs?
During exhalation, which type of gradient is primarily involved in the movement of air out of the lungs?
What is the main function of the phospholipid bilayer in the plasma membrane?
What is the main function of the phospholipid bilayer in the plasma membrane?
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Which component of the plasma membrane is primarily responsible for cell recognition?
Which component of the plasma membrane is primarily responsible for cell recognition?
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What is the function of cholesterol within the plasma membrane?
What is the function of cholesterol within the plasma membrane?
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Which type of protein is essential for facilitating the movement of substances across the plasma membrane?
Which type of protein is essential for facilitating the movement of substances across the plasma membrane?
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During an action potential in a neuron, what gradient drives the movement of potassium (K⁺) out of the cell?
During an action potential in a neuron, what gradient drives the movement of potassium (K⁺) out of the cell?
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Which type of tissue is primarily involved in diffusion and filtration within the lungs and blood vessels?
Which type of tissue is primarily involved in diffusion and filtration within the lungs and blood vessels?
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What is the primary function of dense regular connective tissue?
What is the primary function of dense regular connective tissue?
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In tissue repair, what process results in the formation of scar tissue?
In tissue repair, what process results in the formation of scar tissue?
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Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback mechanism in the body?
Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback mechanism in the body?
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What does the term 'hypoxia' refer to?
What does the term 'hypoxia' refer to?
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Which condition involves unplanned cell death resulting from an injury or infection?
Which condition involves unplanned cell death resulting from an injury or infection?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
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Which type of bone cell is primarily responsible for breaking down bone tissue?
Which type of bone cell is primarily responsible for breaking down bone tissue?
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What is the main function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
What is the main function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
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Which component of bone provides flexibility?
Which component of bone provides flexibility?
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What is the first step in the bone fracture repair process?
What is the first step in the bone fracture repair process?
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Which type of connective tissue is found in the dermis of the skin and withstands tension from different directions?
Which type of connective tissue is found in the dermis of the skin and withstands tension from different directions?
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What type of molecules can pass directly through the plasma membrane without the need for transport proteins?
What type of molecules can pass directly through the plasma membrane without the need for transport proteins?
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Which of the following factors does NOT directly affect the rate of simple diffusion?
Which of the following factors does NOT directly affect the rate of simple diffusion?
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Which feedback mechanism enhances a change until a specific goal is achieved?
Which feedback mechanism enhances a change until a specific goal is achieved?
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Which term describes the process of tissue shrinking due to immobility?
Which term describes the process of tissue shrinking due to immobility?
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Which transport mechanism uses carrier proteins to move substances down their concentration gradient without requiring ATP?
Which transport mechanism uses carrier proteins to move substances down their concentration gradient without requiring ATP?
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A cell placed in a hypertonic solution is likely to experience:
A cell placed in a hypertonic solution is likely to experience:
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What is the role of yellow bone marrow in the skeletal system?
What is the role of yellow bone marrow in the skeletal system?
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Which component of the cytoskeleton is primarily involved in providing mechanical strength to cells, such as skin cells?
Which component of the cytoskeleton is primarily involved in providing mechanical strength to cells, such as skin cells?
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Which organelle is responsible for the production of ATP?
Which organelle is responsible for the production of ATP?
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What is the main function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
What is the main function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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Anatomy is to structure as physiology is to what?
Anatomy is to structure as physiology is to what?
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Which of the following represents the correct order of structural levels from simplest to most complex?
Which of the following represents the correct order of structural levels from simplest to most complex?
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Which primary tissue class covers surfaces, lines organs, and is characterized by tightly packed cells?
Which primary tissue class covers surfaces, lines organs, and is characterized by tightly packed cells?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of epithelial tissue?
Which of the following is a characteristic of epithelial tissue?
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What is the name given to flat epithelial cells that can be found in the lungs and lining blood vessels?
What is the name given to flat epithelial cells that can be found in the lungs and lining blood vessels?
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Which of the following is an example of a primary active transport mechanism?
Which of the following is an example of a primary active transport mechanism?
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If a cell's membrane increases its permeability to solutes, how will that affect simple diffusion?
If a cell's membrane increases its permeability to solutes, how will that affect simple diffusion?
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What does the term 'crenation' refer to in cellular physiology?
What does the term 'crenation' refer to in cellular physiology?
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What is the main function of osteocytes in bone tissue?
What is the main function of osteocytes in bone tissue?
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What type of bone tissue is characterized by being dense and strong, forming the outer layer of bones?
What type of bone tissue is characterized by being dense and strong, forming the outer layer of bones?
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Which type of bone increases in width through appositional growth?
Which type of bone increases in width through appositional growth?
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What is the primary role of the periosteum in bone anatomy?
What is the primary role of the periosteum in bone anatomy?
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What hormonal function does calcitonin serve in bone regulation?
What hormonal function does calcitonin serve in bone regulation?
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What is the sequence of events in the bone repair process after a fracture?
What is the sequence of events in the bone repair process after a fracture?
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Which hormone is known to increase blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity?
Which hormone is known to increase blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity?
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In osteoporosis, the primary problem is that:
In osteoporosis, the primary problem is that:
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Which of the following bones is classified as a sesamoid bone?
Which of the following bones is classified as a sesamoid bone?
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What growth process primarily occurs at the epiphyseal plate?
What growth process primarily occurs at the epiphyseal plate?
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The region known as the metaphysis in a long bone contains:
The region known as the metaphysis in a long bone contains:
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Which of the following factors is NOT a cause of osteoporosis?
Which of the following factors is NOT a cause of osteoporosis?
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What role do osteocytes play within bone tissue?
What role do osteocytes play within bone tissue?
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Study Notes
Unit 1A & 1B Summary
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Gradients drive cellular processes: Matter and energy flow down gradients (higher concentration to lower). Types include concentration, pressure, electrical, and temperature gradients.
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Plasma membrane structure: The selectively permeable membrane separating the cell's interior from the exterior. Key components include a phospholipid bilayer (hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails), proteins (integral and peripheral), cholesterol (maintaining flexibility), and carbohydrates.
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Selectively permeable membrane: Allows some substances to pass while blocking others. Factors like size, polarity, and charge determine permeability.
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Simple diffusion: Movement of substances down their concentration gradient (no energy required). Factors affecting rate include steepness of the gradient, temperature, molecular size, and membrane permeability.
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Membrane transport mechanisms:
- Passive transport: No ATP required; includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis (water movement).
- Active transport: Requires ATP; includes primary and secondary active transport.
- Vesicular transport: Includes endocytosis (engulfing particles) and exocytosis (expelling substances).
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Osmolarity & Tonicity: Osmolarity is the concentration of solutes; tonicity describes the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water. Hypotonic solutions cause swelling, hypertonic solutions cause shrinkage, and isotonic solutions maintain equilibrium.
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Cytoskeleton: Provides structure, support, and intracellular movement. Consists of microfilaments (actin), intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
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Cellular Organelles and Functions: Nucleus (DNA storage), ribosomes (protein synthesis), endoplasmic reticulum (protein modification and lipid synthesis), Golgi apparatus (protein packaging), mitochondria (ATP production), lysosomes (waste breakdown), peroxisomes (detoxification).
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Anatomy & Physiology: Anatomy studies structure and physiology studies functions; structure dictates function.
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Levels of Human Structure: Moving from complex to simple: organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule, atom.
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Four Primary Tissue Classes: Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
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Epithelial Tissue: Covers surfaces and lines organs. Classified by layers (simple/stratified) and shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar). Functions in protection, secretion, and absorption.
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Connective Tissue: Provides support and binding, including loose, dense, adipose, cartilage, bone, and blood, with varied functions.
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Tissue repair: Regeneration (replacing with same tissue) and fibrosis (scar tissue formation).
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Homeostasis: Maintaining a stable internal environment using negative feedback (reverses change) and positive feedback (enhances change).
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Vasomotion: Blood vessel constriction and dilation to regulate blood pressure and blood flow.
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Medical Terminology: Hyper-, hypo-, and -itis prefixes/suffixes indicate increased, decreased, or inflammation. Examples: hyperglycemia (high blood sugar), arthritis (joint inflammation).
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Tissue injury and death: Atrophy (shrinkage), necrosis (unplanned death), infarction (tissue death due to blocked blood supply), and apoptosis (programmed cell death).
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Skeletal System Functions: Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation, and fat storage.
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Bone Structure( microscopic and macroscopic): Bone is a connective tissue consisting of cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, lining cells) and extracellular matrix with collagen and mineral salts.
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Bone Classification by Shape: Long bones (leverage), short bones (stability), flat bones (protection), irregular bones (complex functions), sesamoid bones (reduce friction).
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Long Bone Anatomy: Diaphysis, epiphyses, metaphysis, medullary cavity, periosteum, endosteum.
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Bone Growth: Endochondral ossification (cartilage template), intramembranous ossification (direct from mesenchymal cells), interstitial growth (lengthwise), and appositional growth (widthwise).
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Bone Remodeling: Constant breakdown and rebuilding controlled by osteoblasts (build) and osteoclasts (resorb) stimulated by factors like hormones and stress (Wolff's Law). Hormonal regulation important for calcium balance (calcitonin/PTH).
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Bone Fractures & Repair: Steps in fracture repair (hematoma, fibrocartilage callus, bony callus, remodeling).
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Osteoporosis: Decreased bone density, often related to aging and/or hormonal changes. Causes, symptoms, and treatments.
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Key exam concepts and study tips: Understand concepts, use diagrams, apply to real-world examples, review negative/positive feedback, and focus on dynamic nature of bones.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts from Biology Unit 1A and 1B, focusing on gradients and their role in cellular processes. Key topics include the structure and function of the plasma membrane, types of membrane transport, and the mechanisms of diffusion. It is designed to test your understanding of these fundamental biological principles.
