Biology Unit 1: Scientific Method
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?

  • Providing short-term energy (correct)
  • Aiding in cell communication
  • Serving as structural components
  • Long-term energy storage

Which statement accurately describes the characteristics of life?

  • All living organisms can reproduce and evolve.
  • All living organisms must exhibit growth and homeostasis.
  • All living organisms show sensitivity and respond to the environment.
  • All of the above are characteristics of life. (correct)

What distinguishes an unsaturated lipid from a saturated lipid?

  • Saturated lipids are formed by dehydration synthesis.
  • Unsaturated lipids have at least one double bond in their fatty acid chains. (correct)
  • Saturated lipids are liquid at room temperature.
  • Unsaturated lipids contain more hydrogen atoms.

Which part correctly describes the secondary structure of proteins?

<p>A complex chain of amino acids twisting into a helical form. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of buffers in biological systems?

<p>They prevent sharp changes in pH. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes the hierarchical organization of life, starting from the smallest unit?

<p>Atoms, molecules, cells, tissues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the polar nature of water?

<p>It contributes to the cohesion and adhesion properties of water. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines a polypeptide?

<p>A linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

<p>It absorbs light in blue violet and red wavelengths. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the Calvin Cycle?

<p>It converts carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH into G3P. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main product of cellular respiration?

<p>ATP (adenosine triphosphate) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT affect the rate of photosynthesis?

<p>Oxygen concentration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

<p>Reduction of NADP+ to NADPH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to ATP once it releases its energy?

<p>It becomes ADP by losing a phosphate group. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about fermentation is correct?

<p>It regenerates NAD+ by oxidizing NADH. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes aerobic respiration from anaerobic respiration?

<p>Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic does not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organisms are known to perform fermentation?

<p>Bacteria, yeast, and certain animal muscle cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during lactic acid fermentation?

<p>Lactic acid and NAD+ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the Krebs cycle is accurate?

<p>It breaks down pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept explains that paired alleles separate during gamete formation?

<p>Law of Segregation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes codominance?

<p>Both alleles are equally expressed in the phenotype. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of genetic cross involves a single trait?

<p>Monohybrid cross (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the genetic makeup of an organism?

<p>Genotype (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an exception to the Law of Dominance?

<p>Incomplete dominance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of meiosis regarding the number of reproductive cells produced?

<p>4 reproductive cells are produced (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a recessive trait?

<p>It is expressed only if both parents carry the gene. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

<p>Prophase 1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding spermatogenesis compared to oogenesis?

<p>Spermatogenesis results in 4 viable sperm. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during cytokinesis in animal cells?

<p>The cell membrane pinches inward to separate daughter cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced when two monosaccharides like glucose and fructose link together?

<p>Disaccharide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the breakdown of a compound through the addition of water?

<p>Hydrolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does an enzyme play in metabolic reactions?

<p>It lowers the activation energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect enzyme activity?

<p>Color of the enzyme (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is responsible for energy production in a cell?

<p>Mitochondria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

<p>Freely stored DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the movement of water across a membrane towards a higher concentration of solute?

<p>Osmosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the cell membrane?

<p>Regulate entry and exit of substances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus?

<p>Generating ATP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these terms refers to the state of balance in a biological system?

<p>Equilibrium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient?

<p>Active transport (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the lysosome?

<p>Break down organic molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the cell is responsible for packaging proteins for storage?

<p>Golgi apparatus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do chloroplasts contain that aids in photosynthesis?

<p>Chlorophyll (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Independent Variable

The variable that is changed or manipulated by the researcher in an experiment.

Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured or observed in an experiment, and its value depends on the independent variable.

Sensitivity or Response to the Environment

The ability of an organism to react to changes in its environment.

Reproduction

The process by which organisms create offspring.

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Adaptation

The process by which organisms change over time to better suit their environment.

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Growth and Development

The process by which organisms grow and develop from a single cell to a complex organism.

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Regulation and Homeostasis

The process by which organisms maintain a stable internal environment.

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Energy Processing

The process by which organisms use energy to sustain life.

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Hydrolysis

The process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones, often with the help of water.

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Enzyme

A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body.

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Active Site

The specific region on an enzyme where the substrate binds.

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Substrate

The substance that an enzyme acts upon.

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Product

The substance produced by an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

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Cell Membrane

The outer layer of a cell that controls what enters and exits.

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Cell Wall

A rigid structure that surrounds plant cells, providing support and shape.

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Nucleus

The control center of the cell, containing DNA.

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Nuclear Membrane

A membrane that surrounds the nucleus, controlling what enters and exits.

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Nucleolus

The site of ribosome synthesis within the nucleus.

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Chromatin

The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes.

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Cytoplasm

The gel-like substance that fills the cell, supporting organelles.

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Ribosomes

Small organelles responsible for protein synthesis.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network of membranes involved in protein production and lipid synthesis.

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Mitochondria

The "powerhouse" of the cell, responsible for energy production.

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Lactic Acid Fermentation

The process of converting pyruvate to lactic acid, regenerating NAD+ for glycolysis. Occurs in muscle cells during intense exercise.

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Alcoholic Fermentation

The process converting pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide, regenerating NAD+ for glycolysis. Performed by yeast in brewing and baking.

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Glycolysis

The process of breaking down glucose to pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH. Occurs in the cytoplasm.

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Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

The set of reactions that further breaks down pyruvate into carbon dioxide, producing ATP and electron carriers.

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Electron Transport Chain

A series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane that use electron carriers to generate ATP from ADP.

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Homozygous

Two identical alleles for a trait, like AA or aa.

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Heterozygous

Two different alleles for a trait, like Aa.

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Incomplete Dominance

When neither allele is fully dominant, resulting in a blended phenotype. Like red and white flowers making pink.

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Photosynthesis

The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose (sugar). This process occurs in chloroplasts and requires water, carbon dioxide, sunlight, and chlorophyll.

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Photosynthesis equation

The chemical equation for photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2. This equation shows that carbon dioxide and water are used to produce glucose and oxygen in the presence of light.

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Chlorophyll

A pigment found in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy, mainly red and blue wavelengths, for photosynthesis. It reflects green wavelengths.

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Light-dependent reactions

A series of reactions in photosynthesis that occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. It uses light energy to convert ADP and NADP+ to ATP and NADPH. These products are then used in the Calvin cycle to produce glucose.

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Calvin cycle

A series of reactions in photosynthesis that occur in the stroma of chloroplasts. It uses ATP and NADPH generated in light-dependent reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose, a process that requires no light.

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Cellular respiration

The process by which cells break down glucose to release energy in the form of ATP. This process occurs in mitochondria and requires oxygen, releasing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.

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Fermentation

The process by which cells break down glucose to release energy without oxygen. This process occurs in the cytoplasm and produces less ATP than aerobic respiration. It produces lactic acid or ethanol as byproducts.

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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The energy carrier molecule used by cells. It is composed of adenosine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. ATP releases energy when a phosphate group is removed, becoming ADP. ADP can be recharged back into ATP by adding a phosphate group.

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Meiosis

The process of cell division that produces four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

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Zygote

The fusion of a sperm and an egg to form a zygote.

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Homologous Pair

A pair of chromosomes that have the same genes at the same location and are the same height.

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Crossing Over

The process where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material during prophase I of meiosis.

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Mitosis

The process of cell division that produces two daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

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Study Notes

Unit 1: Scientific Method

  • Independent variable: The variable manipulated by the researcher.
  • Dependent variable: The outcome variable.
  • Characteristics of life: Sensitivity, reproduction, adaptation, growth, development, regulation, homeostasis, energy processing, and evolution.
  • Hierarchy of life: Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere.
  • Water: A polar molecule due to uneven electron distribution between oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
  • Cohesion: Attraction between molecules of the same substance.
  • Adhesion: Attraction between molecules of different substances.
  • Solute: A substance that is dissolved.
  • Buffers: Weak acids or bases that prevent drastic pH changes.
  • Carbohydrates: Made of monosaccharides (short-term energy).
  • Lipids: Made of fatty acids; can be saturated or unsaturated. Function in energy storage and hormone production.
  • Nucleic acids: Composed of nucleotides (e.g., DNA, RNA).
  • Proteins: Made of amino acids; the structure can be polypeptide chains (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary). The polypeptide structures form specific 3D shapes.

Unit 2: Cell Structure

  • Cell membrane: Lipid bilayer, protecting and regulating passage in and out of a cell.
  • Cell wall: Cellulose provides structure and strength.
  • Nucleus: Houses DNA and controls cellular activities, including protons and neutrons.
  • Nuclear membrane: Acts as a membrane for the nucleus.
  • Nucleolus: Contains RNA and DNA, involved in ribosome production.
  • Chromatin: DNA packaged into a unit.
  • Cytoplasm: Fluid containing various substances, holding the components in place.
  • Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins.
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Lipid components of cell membrane (rough or smooth).
  • Mitochondria: Generate cellular energy.
  • Vacuoles: Store water.
  • Lysosomes: Breakdown organic molecules with enzymes.
  • Golgi apparatus: Packages proteins and other materials; storage.
  • Chloroplasts: Used in photosynthesis; contains chlorophyll.
  • Microtubules: Support cell shape.

Unit 3: Photosynthesis

  • Photosynthesis formula: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light = C6H12O6 + 6O2.
  • Plants are autotrophs (produce their own food).
  • Chlorophyll: Absorbs light for photosynthesis (reflects green).
  • Chloroplast structure: Contains thylakoids (membranes).
  • Light-dependent reactions: Thylakoid membranes, produce ATP and NADPH.
  • Calvin cycle: Stroma, uses ATP and NADPH to produce sugars.

Unit 4: Cellular Respiration

  • Cellular respiration formula: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP.
  • Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain steps in cellular respiration make energy (ATP).
  • Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not.
  • Fermentation: Produces ATP in the absence of oxygen.

Unit 4: Genetics

  • Gregor Mendel: Father of genetics.
  • Purebred: Two of the same alleles (e.g., PP or pp)
  • Crossed: Mating two organisms
  • P1 generation: Parental generation
  • F1 generation: Offspring generation
  • Law of dominance: One allele is dominant over another.
  • Alleles: Different versions of a gene
  • Genotype: The actual genetic makeup.
  • Phenotype: The physical appearance.
  • Homozygous: Same alleles (e.g., AA or aa).
  • Heterozygous: Different alleles (e.g., Aa).
  • Monohybrid cross: Considering one trait.
  • Law of independent assortment describes how different genes are inherited independently.
  • Meiosis: Process producing gametes (sex cells).
  • Mitosis: Process of cell division.

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Test your knowledge on the scientific method and key biological concepts with this quiz. Explore topics such as independent and dependent variables, characteristics of life, and the hierarchy of life. Challenge yourself on the fundamentals of biology that are vital for further study in the field.

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