Biology Unit 1: Scientific Method

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?

Providing short-term energy (correct)

Aiding in cell communication

Serving as structural components

Long-term energy storage

Which statement accurately describes the characteristics of life?

All living organisms can reproduce and evolve.

All living organisms must exhibit growth and homeostasis.

All living organisms show sensitivity and respond to the environment.

All of the above are characteristics of life. (correct)

What distinguishes an unsaturated lipid from a saturated lipid?

Saturated lipids are formed by dehydration synthesis.

Unsaturated lipids have at least one double bond in their fatty acid chains. (correct)

Saturated lipids are liquid at room temperature.

Unsaturated lipids contain more hydrogen atoms.

Which part correctly describes the secondary structure of proteins?

A complex chain of amino acids twisting into a helical form. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of buffers in biological systems?

They prevent sharp changes in pH. Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes the hierarchical organization of life, starting from the smallest unit?

Atoms, molecules, cells, tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the polar nature of water?

It contributes to the cohesion and adhesion properties of water. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines a polypeptide?

A linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

It absorbs light in blue violet and red wavelengths. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the Calvin Cycle?

It converts carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH into G3P. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main product of cellular respiration?

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT affect the rate of photosynthesis?

Oxygen concentration Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

Reduction of NADP+ to NADPH Signup and view all the answers

What happens to ATP once it releases its energy?

It becomes ADP by losing a phosphate group. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about fermentation is correct?

It regenerates NAD+ by oxidizing NADH. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes aerobic respiration from anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic does not. Signup and view all the answers

Which organisms are known to perform fermentation?

Bacteria, yeast, and certain animal muscle cells Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during lactic acid fermentation?

Lactic acid and NAD+ Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the Krebs cycle is accurate?

It breaks down pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide. Signup and view all the answers

What concept explains that paired alleles separate during gamete formation?

Law of Segregation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes codominance?

Both alleles are equally expressed in the phenotype. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of genetic cross involves a single trait?

Monohybrid cross Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the genetic makeup of an organism?

Genotype Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an exception to the Law of Dominance?

Incomplete dominance Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of meiosis regarding the number of reproductive cells produced?

4 reproductive cells are produced Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a recessive trait?

It is expressed only if both parents carry the gene. Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

Prophase 1 Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding spermatogenesis compared to oogenesis?

Spermatogenesis results in 4 viable sperm. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during cytokinesis in animal cells?

The cell membrane pinches inward to separate daughter cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is produced when two monosaccharides like glucose and fructose link together?

Disaccharide Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the breakdown of a compound through the addition of water?

Hydrolysis Signup and view all the answers

What role does an enzyme play in metabolic reactions?

It lowers the activation energy Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect enzyme activity?

Color of the enzyme Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is responsible for energy production in a cell?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

Freely stored DNA Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the movement of water across a membrane towards a higher concentration of solute?

Osmosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the cell membrane?

Regulate entry and exit of substances Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus?

Generating ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which of these terms refers to the state of balance in a biological system?

Equilibrium Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient?

Active transport Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the lysosome?

Break down organic molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the cell is responsible for packaging proteins for storage?

Golgi apparatus Signup and view all the answers

What do chloroplasts contain that aids in photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Unit 1: Scientific Method

Independent variable: The variable manipulated by the researcher.
Dependent variable: The outcome variable.
Characteristics of life: Sensitivity, reproduction, adaptation, growth, development, regulation, homeostasis, energy processing, and evolution.
Hierarchy of life: Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere.
Water: A polar molecule due to uneven electron distribution between oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
Cohesion: Attraction between molecules of the same substance.
Adhesion: Attraction between molecules of different substances.
Solute: A substance that is dissolved.
Buffers: Weak acids or bases that prevent drastic pH changes.
Carbohydrates: Made of monosaccharides (short-term energy).
Lipids: Made of fatty acids; can be saturated or unsaturated. Function in energy storage and hormone production.
Nucleic acids: Composed of nucleotides (e.g., DNA, RNA).
Proteins: Made of amino acids; the structure can be polypeptide chains (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary). The polypeptide structures form specific 3D shapes.

Unit 2: Cell Structure

Cell membrane: Lipid bilayer, protecting and regulating passage in and out of a cell.
Cell wall: Cellulose provides structure and strength.
Nucleus: Houses DNA and controls cellular activities, including protons and neutrons.
Nuclear membrane: Acts as a membrane for the nucleus.
Nucleolus: Contains RNA and DNA, involved in ribosome production.
Chromatin: DNA packaged into a unit.
Cytoplasm: Fluid containing various substances, holding the components in place.
Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Lipid components of cell membrane (rough or smooth).
Mitochondria: Generate cellular energy.
Vacuoles: Store water.
Lysosomes: Breakdown organic molecules with enzymes.
Golgi apparatus: Packages proteins and other materials; storage.
Chloroplasts: Used in photosynthesis; contains chlorophyll.
Microtubules: Support cell shape.

Unit 3: Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis formula: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light = C6H12O6 + 6O2.
Plants are autotrophs (produce their own food).
Chlorophyll: Absorbs light for photosynthesis (reflects green).
Chloroplast structure: Contains thylakoids (membranes).
Light-dependent reactions: Thylakoid membranes, produce ATP and NADPH.
Calvin cycle: Stroma, uses ATP and NADPH to produce sugars.

Unit 4: Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration formula: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP.
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain steps in cellular respiration make energy (ATP).
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not.
Fermentation: Produces ATP in the absence of oxygen.

Unit 4: Genetics

Gregor Mendel: Father of genetics.
Purebred: Two of the same alleles (e.g., PP or pp)
Crossed: Mating two organisms
P1 generation: Parental generation
F1 generation: Offspring generation
Law of dominance: One allele is dominant over another.
Alleles: Different versions of a gene
Genotype: The actual genetic makeup.
Phenotype: The physical appearance.
Homozygous: Same alleles (e.g., AA or aa).
Heterozygous: Different alleles (e.g., Aa).
Monohybrid cross: Considering one trait.
Law of independent assortment describes how different genes are inherited independently.
Meiosis: Process producing gametes (sex cells).
Mitosis: Process of cell division.

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Test your knowledge on the scientific method and key biological concepts with this quiz. Explore topics such as independent and dependent variables, characteristics of life, and the hierarchy of life. Challenge yourself on the fundamentals of biology that are vital for further study in the field.