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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of DNA?
What is the primary function of DNA?
RNA is a double stranded molecule.
RNA is a double stranded molecule.
False
What are the three types of RNA?
What are the three types of RNA?
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
During __________, DNA is copied into mRNA.
During __________, DNA is copied into mRNA.
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Match the RNA type with its primary role:
Match the RNA type with its primary role:
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What type of reproduction results in offspring that are identical copies of the parent?
What type of reproduction results in offspring that are identical copies of the parent?
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Mendelian patterns of inheritance apply to all traits.
Mendelian patterns of inheritance apply to all traits.
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What is the primary role of RNA?
What is the primary role of RNA?
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Adenine pairs with cytosine in both DNA and RNA.
Adenine pairs with cytosine in both DNA and RNA.
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What are the pros of sexual reproduction?
What are the pros of sexual reproduction?
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Gregor Mendel is known for his experiments on __________.
Gregor Mendel is known for his experiments on __________.
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What are the three main parts of a nucleotide?
What are the three main parts of a nucleotide?
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In RNA, thymine is replaced by __________.
In RNA, thymine is replaced by __________.
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Match the following types of reproduction with their characteristics:
Match the following types of reproduction with their characteristics:
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Match the types of RNA to their functions:
Match the types of RNA to their functions:
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What is a clade?
What is a clade?
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Fossils are typically found in igneous rock layers.
Fossils are typically found in igneous rock layers.
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What are the two methods to determine the age of fossils?
What are the two methods to determine the age of fossils?
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______ selection is the idea concluded by Darwin after studying birds on an island.
______ selection is the idea concluded by Darwin after studying birds on an island.
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Match the following fossil types with their descriptions:
Match the following fossil types with their descriptions:
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What is the main function of tRNA during translation?
What is the main function of tRNA during translation?
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Translation occurs in the nucleus of the cell.
Translation occurs in the nucleus of the cell.
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What are the two types of mutations?
What are the two types of mutations?
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During translation, the ribosome reads the mRNA in sets of three nucleotides known as ______.
During translation, the ribosome reads the mRNA in sets of three nucleotides known as ______.
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Match the types of proteins with their functions:
Match the types of proteins with their functions:
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What is the role of DNA polymerase during DNA replication?
What is the role of DNA polymerase during DNA replication?
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Adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U) when RNA is formed.
Adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U) when RNA is formed.
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What are traits?
What are traits?
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What is the Law of Segregation?
What is the Law of Segregation?
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The dominant trait will always be expressed in the phenotype regardless of the other trait present.
The dominant trait will always be expressed in the phenotype regardless of the other trait present.
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Name the scientist who is credited with laying the foundation of modern genetics.
Name the scientist who is credited with laying the foundation of modern genetics.
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Dominant alleles mask the effect of __________ alleles.
Dominant alleles mask the effect of __________ alleles.
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Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
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In a Punnett Square, what does a 1:2:1 ratio indicate?
In a Punnett Square, what does a 1:2:1 ratio indicate?
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Traits are inherited independently of one another, meaning the inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance of another.
Traits are inherited independently of one another, meaning the inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance of another.
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When creating a Punnett Square, the genotypes of the first parent are placed at the __________ of the square.
When creating a Punnett Square, the genotypes of the first parent are placed at the __________ of the square.
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Explain the significance of using pea plants in Mendel's experiments.
Explain the significance of using pea plants in Mendel's experiments.
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What does the ‘D’ and ‘R’ represent in Mendel's genetic notations?
What does the ‘D’ and ‘R’ represent in Mendel's genetic notations?
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Study Notes
Unit 1: Central Dogma
- DNA is the blueprint of all life, a molecule of life that stores genetic information, which determines traits.
- DNA is a double helix structure made of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases (codons).
- Nitrogenous base pairing rules: A with T, and G with C.
- RNA plays a crucial role in the central dogma, being essential for making proteins.
- RNA is smaller and single-stranded, using uracil (U) instead of thymine (T).
- Three types of RNA:
- mRNA (messenger RNA): carries instructions.
- rRNA (ribosomal RNA): forms ribosomes.
- tRNA (transfer RNA): carries amino acids.
- Transcription is the first step of the central dogma, where DNA is copied into mRNA.
- mRNA carries the message to the ribosome to build proteins.
- Ribosomes follow the instructions in mRNA to build protein.
- Gene expression: some genes are "turned on" to make proteins, others are "turned off".
- Translation is the second step, where mRNA is turned into protein.
- Translation occurs in the cytoplasm.
- tRNA with anticodons and amino acids bring amino acids to the mRNA codons.
- Ribosomes bind the amino acids from tRNA to the mRNA codons, building the protein.
Unit 2: Bioengineering
- DNA replication is essential for growth, repair, and reproduction.
- DNA replication ensures accurate passing down of genetic information.
- Enzymes like helicase and DNA polymerase play a crucial role in the replication process.
- Mutations are changes in DNA codon sequences, which can be neutral, harmful, or beneficial.
- Two types of mutations: Point(substitution) and Frameshift(insertion/deletion).
- Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
- A karyotype is a picture of all the chromosomes.
- Cloning creates a genetically identical copy of an organism.
- Cloning involves transferring a nucleus from a donor cell into an egg cell.
- Selective breeding improves organism traits, but is slower.
- Genetic engineering is faster and more precise to modify genetic information.
Unit 3: Inheritance
- Asexual reproduction produces identical offspring, but limits adaptability.
- Sexual reproduction produces diverse offspring and increases survival in changing environments.
- Mendel's experiments with pea plants led to the foundation of modern genetics.
- Each individual has two versions of each gene (alleles).
- Dominant allele hides the recessive allele.
- Mendel's Law of Segregation states that allele pairs separate during gamete formation.
- Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment says that genes for different traits are inherited independently.
- Punnett squares predict offspring traits from crosses between parents.
- Genotype is the genetic makeup; phenotype is the observable traits.
Unit 4: Evolutionary Biology
- Fossils are remains of organisms preserved in sedimentary rock.
- Scientists use relative and absolute dating to estimate fossil ages.
- Fossil record and geologic time scale show the history of life on Earth.
- Individuals with traits beneficial in the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.
- Species change over time to fit their environment.
- Adaptations may involve acquiring new traits, removing traits or improving traits.
- Comparative anatomy studies similarities in anatomy of organisms to understand relationships.
- Embryology and development studies the development within an organism to understand evolution.
- DNA comparisons show how related species are.
- Species distribution shows where species are located and how that changes.
- Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.
- Cladograms are diagrams and phylogenetic trees show relationships among species.
- Clade is a group of organisms and their common ancestor.
- Cladistics compares traits to determine relationships in species.
- Homologous structures have same function and structure (common ancestry)
- Analogous structures have similar function, but different structures (similar environment)
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of the central dogma of molecular biology, including the roles of DNA, RNA, and the processes of transcription and translation. Test your understanding of genetic information storage, base pairing, and protein synthesis mechanisms.
