Biology Exam 1 Questions
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From these options, which is the strongest chemical bond?

  • Hydrophobic interaction
  • Covalent bond (correct)
  • Hydrogen bond
  • Van der Waals force

The two molecules shown in the figures are best described as:

  • Chain length isomers
  • Cis-trans isomers
  • Structural isomers (correct)
  • Enantiomers

An atom consists of 9 protons, 9 neutrons, and 10 electrons. The atom has electrons in its outermost electron shell:

8

Water:

<p>Has cohesive properties (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You disrupt all hydrogen bonds and amino acid R group interactions in a protein. What level of structure will be preserved?

<p>Primary structure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule shown below contains a carbonyl group?

<p>[Molecular structure A] (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carbon-14 is used to determine the age of ancient objects. If a sample is 17,190 years old and started out with 1000 mg of Carbon-14, how much Carbon-14 is remaining today? The half-life of Carbon-14 is 5,730 years.

<p>62.5 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

The molecule illustrated in the figure is:

<p>A cis-unsaturated fatty acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the process used by the scientific community to ensure the quality of scientific research that is published?

<p>Peer-review (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An atom consists of 9 protons, 9 neutrons, and 10 electrons. This atom has a charge of:

<p>+1</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which functional group is nonpolar?

<p>Methyl (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pair of elements would likely have similar valence shells and thus similar chemical behavior?

<p>Carbon and nitrogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the process of science, which of these is tested?

<p>A hypothesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true of the nucleotide shown below?

<p>It is a pyrimidine nucleotide found in DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which 4 of these 25 elements make up approximately 96% of living matter?

<p>Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the 5' end of RNA is correct?

<p>The 5' end has a phosphate group attached to the number 5' carbon of ribose. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The most significant role played by pH buffers is to:

<p>Limit major shifts in the amount of H+ and OH- in solution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amino acids are acids because they always possess _____ as a functional group:

<p>Carboxyl (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does ice float in liquid water?

<p>Hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep the molecules of water in ice farther apart than the water molecules of liquid water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the strongest evidence that protein structure and function are correlated?

<p>Denatured (unfolded) proteins do not function normally. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bond shown below shows a hydrogen bond that is possible?

<p>[Diagram II] (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these classes of biological molecules does NOT form polymers?

<p>Lipids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of amino acid structure varies among different amino acids?

<p>The components of the R group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular process would you expect to use a hydrolysis reaction?

<p>Breakdown of starch into glucose in muscle cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic do all lipids share?

<p>They have large hydrophobic regions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the OH- concentration of a solution with pH 3?

<p>10^-11 M</p> Signup and view all the answers

Testing a candidate cancer chemotherapy drug for safety before it is approved for marketing is an example of what general type of science?

<p>Applied (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nitrogen (N) is more electronegative than hydrogen (H). Which of the following is a correct statement about the atoms in ammonia (NH3)?

<p>Each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge; the nitrogen atom has a partial negative charge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thalidomide and L-dopa are examples of pharmaceutical drugs that occur as enantiomers, or molecules that:

<p>Are mirror images of one another (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hypothesis?

<p>A tentative explanation that can be tested and is falsifiable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The difference between an aldose sugar and a ketose sugar is:

<p>The position of the carbonyl group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of inductive reasoning?

<p>Hundreds of individuals of a species have been observed and all are photosynthetic; therefore, the species is photosynthetic. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a monomer?

<p>Glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the difference between starch and cellulose?

<p>Cellulose is a polymer of beta-glucose and forms cross-linked fibers containing many cellulose polymers that hydrogen bond. Starch is made of alpha-glucose and does not form cross-linked fibers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Two atoms of hydrogen interact to form a(n):

<p>Nonpolar covalent bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many molecules of water are released during the synthesis of a 20 monomer-long cellulose molecule?

<p>19</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true of unsaturated fats?

<p>They have double bonds in their fatty acid chains. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carbon has 4 electrons in its outermost shell and hydrogen has 1 electron in its outermost shell. A carbon atom can form covalent bonds with how many hydrogen atoms?

<p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

The figure below shows the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules differ in the:

<p>Arrangement of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A friend of yours calls to say that his car would not start this morning. He asks for your help. You say that you think the battery must be dead. If so, then jump-starting the car from a good battery will solve the problem. In doing so, you are:

<p>Stating a hypothesis and using that hypothesis to make a testable prediction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Covalent bond

The strongest type of chemical bond, formed when two atoms share electrons.

Cis-trans isomers

Isomers that differ in the arrangement of atoms around a double bond.

Valence shell

The outermost electron shell of an atom.

Heat of vaporization

The amount of heat required to vaporize a liquid.

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Primary structure

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

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Carbonyl group

A chemical group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.

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Half-life

The time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to decay.

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Unsaturated fatty acid

A fatty acid with one or more double bonds in its hydrocarbon chain.

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Peer-review

A process in which scientists evaluate the quality of research before it is published.

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Methyl group

A chemical group consisting of a carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms.

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Similar valence shells

Elements that have similar chemical properties because they have the same number of electrons in their outermost shell.

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Hypothesis

A testable explanation for an observation.

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Adenine (A)

A nitrogenous base found in DNA.

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Elements of life

The four most abundant elements in living organisms.

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5' end of RNA

The end of an RNA molecule that has a phosphate group attached to the 5' carbon of ribose.

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pH buffers

Substances that resist changes in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen ions.

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Carboxyl group

A chemical group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.

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Crystalline lattice of ice

The arrangement of water molecules in ice, which makes ice less dense than liquid water.

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Denaturation

The loss of a protein's three-dimensional structure, resulting in loss of function.

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Hydrogen bond

A weak chemical bond that forms between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.

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Polymer

A large molecule made up of repeating subunits called monomers.

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R group

The part of an amino acid that determines its chemical properties.

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Hydrolysis

A chemical reaction that breaks down polymers into monomers by adding water.

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Hydrophobic regions

The characteristic of lipids that makes them insoluble in water.

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OH- concentration

The concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution.

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Applied science

Science that is used to solve practical problems or develop new technologies.

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Enantiomers

A type of isomer in which two molecules are mirror images of each other.

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Hypothesis

A tentative explanation that can be tested and is falsifiable.

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Aldose vs. ketose

The position of the carbonyl group in a sugar molecule.

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Inductive reasoning

A conclusion based on observations and evidence.

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Monomer

A small molecule that can be joined to other similar molecules to form a polymer.

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Starch vs. cellulose

The difference in structure between starch and cellulose.

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Nonpolar covalent bond

A bond formed when two atoms share electrons equally.

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Polymer chain length

The number of monomers in a polymer.

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Unsaturated fat

A fat that has double bonds in its fatty acid chains.

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Valence

The number of covalent bonds an atom can form.

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Molecular structure

The arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

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Study Notes

Exam 1 Questions

  • Question 1: The strongest chemical bond is a covalent bond.

  • Question 2: The two molecules shown are best described as structural isomers.

  • Question 3: An atom with 9 protons, 9 neutrons, and 10 electrons has 7 electrons in its outermost shell.

  • Question 4: Water has cohesive properties, evaporates and increases body temperature, and is a relatively good solvent. It has a high heat of vaporization. Water is polar.

  • Question 5: Disrupting hydrogen bonds and amino acid R group interactions preserves primary structure.

  • Question 6: Molecular structure [B] contains a carbonyl group.

  • Question 7: A sample of Carbon-14 that is 17,190 years old will have 125 mg of Carbon-14 remaining out of 1000 mg initially. (Half life of Carbon 14 is 5,730 years.)

  • Question 8: The molecule illustrated is a cis-unsaturated fatty acid.

  • Question 9: The scientific community uses peer-review to ensure the quality of research publications.

  • Question 10: An atom with 9 protons, 9 neutrons, and 10 electrons has a charge of -1.

  • Question 11: A methyl functional group is nonpolar.

  • Question 12: Sodium and chlorine are likely to have similar valence shells.

  • Question 13: A hypothesis is what is tested in scientific processes.

  • Question 14: The nucleotide is a pyrimidine nucleotide found in RNA.

  • Question 15: Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen make up 96% of life's matter.

  • Question 16: The 5' end of RNA has a phosphate group attached to the 5' carbon of ribose.

  • Question 17: Buffers prevent fluctuations in solution pH.

  • Question 18: Amino acids possess a carboxyl group, which makes them acidic.

  • Question 19: Ice floats because hydrogen bonds in ice cause water molecules to be farther apart compared to liquid water, thus making ice less dense.

  • Question 20: Denatured (unfolded) proteins do not function normally because their structure is different and interactions are affected, meaning they lose function.

  • Question 21: Diagram V illustrates a possible hydrogen bond.

  • Question 22: Lipids do not form polymers.

  • Question 23: The R group varies among different amino acids.

  • Question 24: Hydrolysis reactions are used in cellular processes.

  • Question 25: All lipids share hydrophobic regions.

  • Question 26: The OH- concentration of a solution with pH 3 is 10⁻¹¹ M.

  • Question 27: Testing a candidate drug for safety is basic science.

  • Question 28: The nitrogen atom in ammonia has a partial negative charge, while each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge.

  • Question 29: Enantiomers are mirror images of each other.

  • Question 30: A hypothesis is a tentative explanation that can be tested and is falsifiable.

  • Question 31: The difference between aldoses and ketoses is the position of the carbonyl group.

  • Question 32: Inductive reasoning involves drawing a conclusion from specific observations.

  • Question 33: Glucose is a monomer.

  • Question 34: Starch is a polymer of α-glucose and cellulose is a polymer of β-glucose. Starch is used for storage, while cellulose is structural.

  • Question 35: Two atoms of hydrogen together form a polar covalent bond.

  • Question 36: Nineteen molecules of water are released in the synthesis of a twenty-monomer-long cellulose molecule.

  • Question 37: Unsaturated fats have double bonds in their fatty acid chains, and are more common in plants (compared to animals).

  • Question 38: A carbon atom can form four covalent bonds with hydrogen atoms.

  • Question 39: Glucose and fructose differ in the arrangement of their carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

  • Question 40: A hypothesis is being stated that jumpstarting the car will fix it (if the battery was dead). This is the test for the proposed reason.

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