Biology: Understanding 'Omics and Cell Composition

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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'ome' originate from?

Greek word for whole

French word for collection

Latin word for mass or tumor (correct)

German word for unity

What is a collection of cells that carry out related functions called?

Organ system

Organ

Tissue (correct)

Cell cluster

What is a biome?

A collection of all genetic material in an organism

A group of organs that work together

A type of tissue

All organisms living in a major ecological region (correct)

What is a genome?

A collection of all genetic material in an organism Signup and view all the answers

What is the physiome of an organism?

The coordinated molecular, cellular, and physiological functioning of an organism Signup and view all the answers

How many physiological organ systems are there in the human body?

10 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Theme 3 in AP Biology?

Information flow in living systems Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of energy in the body according to Chapter 4?

Building and breaking down molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of using the connector AND in a search?

You'll get only the results that occur in both sets Signup and view all the answers

What is the professor's suggestion to Jimmy for searching?

Combine terms using the connector AND Signup and view all the answers

What is the topic that Jimmy searches for on the Internet?

Diabetes and insulin Signup and view all the answers

What is the relevance of set theory in the context of searching?

It helps you narrow down search results Signup and view all the answers

What are the two themes mentioned in the AP report?

Interdependence in Nature and Science, Technology and Society Signup and view all the answers

What is Jimmy's problem that he discusses with his professor?

He's having trouble with his Internet search Signup and view all the answers

What is the theme that describes the integration of structure and function across all levels of organization?

Molecular interactions and compartmentation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cell membranes at the microscopic level?

To separate cells from the surrounding fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the oxygen-carrying protein in which a small change in one amino acid can have significant effects?

Hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

At the macroscopic level, what are the functional compartments formed by the tissues and organs of the body?

Body cavities or the insides of hollow organs Signup and view all the answers

What is the theme that describes the need for energy in living organisms?

Living organisms need energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of compartmentation in cells?

To create functional compartments within the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between a molecule's structure and function?

A molecule's structure determines its function Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cell-to-cell communication?

To coordinate function among cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the topic of Chapter 5?

How molecules cross biological membranes Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which genetic code is translated into proteins?

Translation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of signal molecules in cell-to-cell communication?

To transmit information across the cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

What did Walter B. Cannon propose in his 1929 review?

A list of variables under homeostatic control Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the flow of information between cells?

Information flow Signup and view all the answers

What happens to signal molecules that cannot enter the cell?

They pass their message across the cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of chemical signals reaching their target cells?

The information is transmitted into the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of diabetes mellitus?

Abnormally high blood glucose concentrations Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of body functions in a disease state?

Pathophysiology Signup and view all the answers

What is the result when the body's compensation for a disturbance in homeostasis fails?

Illness or disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason marine invertebrates cannot tolerate significant changes in salinity and pH?

Their internal composition is identical to that of seawater Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason organisms that migrated from the ancient seas into estuaries had to adapt?

The external environment was constantly changing Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the condition where the body's internal environment is disturbed?

Disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why ancient organisms relied on the constancy of their external environment?

To regulate their internal environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the situation where the body's internal environment is in balance?

Homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct combination of monosaccharides in sucrose?

Glucose + Fructose Signup and view all the answers

What is the monosaccharide that combines with glucose to form lactose?

Galactose Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct notation for representing the structure of glucose?

HOCH2 without carbons in the rings Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disaccharides is composed of glucose + glucose?

Maltose Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct combination of monosaccharides in maltose?

Glucose + Glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the monosaccharide that combines with glucose to form sucrose?

Fructose Signup and view all the answers

What is the common feature of the structure of disaccharides?

They are composed of two monosaccharides Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct representation of the structure of glucose in shorthand notation?

HOCH2 (without carbons in the rings) Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate molecular mass?

SUM of atomic mass of each element × the number of atoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct unit for the amount of solute per volume of solvent?

Moles per liter Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonds play an important role in the shape of many globular proteins?

Hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and ionic bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct formula to calculate the amount of solute per volume of solution?

Amount of solute / volume of solution Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of buffers in the body?

To moderate changes in pH Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular mass of water (H2O)?

18 g/mol Signup and view all the answers

What type of proteins are usually insoluble in water and form important structural components of cells and tissues?

Fibrous proteins Signup and view all the answers

What happens when hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added to a buffer solution containing bicarbonate anions?

The bicarbonate anions bond to the H+, minimizing any change in pH Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of molecular mass?

Grams per mole Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of calculating molecular mass?

To determine the properties of a substance Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cysteine residues in globular proteins?

To form disulfide bonds with other cysteine residues Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of adding acid to the body through metabolism?

The body's pH remains constant Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonds stabilize the shape of globular proteins?

Covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals forces Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the bicarbonate anion in the body?

To maintain a stable pH Signup and view all the answers

What determines the shape of proteins?

Both the sequence of amino acids in the protein chain and varied noncovalent interactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of hydrogen bonding in proteins?

To form stable sheetlike structures Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal pH of blood in the human body?

7.40 Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a change in shape of a protein?

The protein's ability to function is altered or destroyed Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of proteins with a sheetlike structure?

To carry out structural uses Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of measuring the concentration of free H+ in body fluids?

To measure the acidity of body fluids Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the pH scale?

It reviews the chemistry of pH and shows pH values of various substances Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of lipids in an aqueous solution?

They separate into distinct layers Signup and view all the answers

Why is it critical to regulate the body's pH within a narrow range?

To ensure the proper functioning of proteins Signup and view all the answers

What happens when an atom of an element gains or loses one or more electrons?

It is called an ion of that element Signup and view all the answers

Why do hydrophobic molecules like cholesterol need to combine with a hydrophilic molecule in the body?

To increase their solubility in water Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons?

Covalent bond Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of bond formed between hydrogen and oxygen or nitrogen?

Hydrogen bond Signup and view all the answers

What is the result when a hydrophobic molecule like cholesterol binds to a hydrophilic molecule in the body?

It becomes soluble in water Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the combination of cholesterol with its hydrophilic carrier molecules in the blood?

HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

Why do hydrophobic molecules not dissolve in water?

They are repelled by water molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of LO 2.1.1?

To compare and contrast the composition, structure, and functions of the four major groups of biomolecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of molecular interactions in LO 2.2.1?

Noncovalent interactions that contribute to molecular shape Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between molecular shape and function?

Molecular shape determines molecular function Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of LO 2.3.1?

Protein interactions and their importance in the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Section 2.1?

The composition, structure, and functions of biomolecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of molecular shape?

It determines molecular function Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of single nucleotide molecules in the human body?

To capture and transfer energy in high-energy electrons or phosphate bonds, and to aid in cell-to-cell communication Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the base presented in the molecule with the formula HOCH2?

Adenine Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the base presented in the molecule with the formula HOCH2, excluding adenine?

Guanine Signup and view all the answers

What is the bond between adenine and ribose called?

Glycosidic bond Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the molecule formed by the bonding of adenine and ribose?

Adenosine Signup and view all the answers

How many critical functions do single nucleotide molecules have in the human body?

Two Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of nucleic acids?

To store and transmit genetic information Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nitrogenous base has a double ring structure?

Purines Signup and view all the answers

What is the five-carbon sugar found in RNA?

Ribose Signup and view all the answers

What is the phosphate group bonded to in nucleic acids?

Sugar molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the sugar molecule in nucleic acids?

To provide structural support Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of nucleic acids?

Phosphate groups Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond forms between a hydrogen atom and a nearby oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom?

Hydrogen bond Signup and view all the answers

What type of attraction occurs between atoms in a solid state, resulting in the formation of sodium chloride crystals?

Ionic bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hydrogen bonds between water molecules?

To increase the surface tension of water Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is responsible for the reversible interactions between molecules?

Van der Waals force Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of ionic bonds?

They are strong and nonspecific Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of van der Waals forces?

To facilitate reversible interactions between molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chromium in the human body?

To facilitate normal glucose metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of chromium picolinate?

To enhance the absorption of chromium in the intestine Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended adequate intake of chromium for men aged 19-50?

35 mg/day Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonds are formed when one atom has a strong attraction for electrons?

Ionic bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a chlorine atom pulling an electron from a sodium atom?

The formation of an ionic bond Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of picolinate in chromium supplements?

To enhance the absorption of chromium Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Organization of Living Things

Simple organisms are composed of one cell, while complex organisms have many cells with different structural and functional specializations.
Collections of cells that carry out related functions are called tissues.
Tissues form structural and functional units known as organs.
Groups of organs integrate their functions to create organ systems.

Omics and Omes

The term "ome" refers to a collection of items that make up a whole, such as a genome.
A genome is a collection of all the genetic material of an organism.
Its physiome describes the organism's coordinated molecular, cellular, and physiological functioning.

Integration of Structure and Function

The integration of structure and function extends across all levels of organization, from the molecular level to the intact body.
This theme subdivides into two major ideas: molecular interactions and compartmentation.

Molecular Interactions

The ability of individual molecules to bind to or react with other molecules is essential for biological function.
A molecule's function depends on its structure and shape, and even a small change to the structure or shape may have significant effects on the function.

Theme 2: Living Organisms Need Energy

Growth, reproduction, movement, homeostasis, and all other processes that take place in an organism require the continuous input of energy.
The ways that energy is used in the body will be discussed in subsequent chapters.

Theme 3: Information Flow Coordinates Body Functions

Information flow in living systems ranges from the transfer of information stored in DNA from generation to generation (genetics) to the flow of information within the body of a single organism.
Information flow includes translation of DNA's genetic code into proteins responsible for cell structure and function.
Cell-to-cell communication uses chemical signals, electrical signals, or a combination of both.

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment.
External causes of disease include toxic chemicals, physical trauma, and foreign invaders such as viruses and bacteria.
When homeostasis is disturbed, the body attempts to compensate, and if the compensation is successful, homeostasis is restored.

Disaccharides

Disaccharides consist of glucose and another monosaccharide
Examples of disaccharides:
- Sucrose (table sugar) = glucose + fructose
- Maltose = glucose + glucose
- Lactose = galactose + glucose

Lipids

Lipids are the most hydrophobic group of biological molecules
Lipids do not dissolve in aqueous solutions and separate into distinct layers
Example: salad oil floating on vinegar in a bottle of salad dressing
Hydrophobic molecules can dissolve in body fluids only when combined with a hydrophilic molecule

Ions and Bonds

When an atom gains or loses one or more electrons, it is called an ion of that element
Types of bonds:
- Hydrogen bond: weak attractive force between hydrogen and oxygen or nitrogen
- Ionic bond: formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
- Covalent bond: when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
- Hydrogen bond: weak attractive force between hydrogen and oxygen or nitrogen

Proteins

Proteins have the most complex and varied shapes of all biomolecules
Shapes are determined by the sequence of amino acids in the protein chain and noncovalent interactions
Stable secondary structures of proteins are formed by covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds
Two common protein secondary structures:
- Alpha-helix (α-helix) spiral
- Beta-sheets (β-sheets)

pH and Acidity

pH measures the concentration of free H+ in body fluids
Normal pH of blood in the human body is 7.40, slightly alkaline
Buffers moderate changes in pH by binding to H+ molecules
Bicarbonate anion (HCO3-) is an important buffer in the human body

Molecular Mass and Concentration

Molecular mass is the sum of the atomic masses of each element in a molecule
Concentration can be expressed as amount of solvent per volume of solution, amount of solute per volume of solution, or other ratios

Molecules and Bonds

Science views humans as a collection of atoms united by a mysterious force called the life-principle.
Biomolecules are classified into four major groups: nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids (or nucleotide polymers) such as RNA and DNA store and transmit genetic information.
Nucleic acids consist of three components: sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases.

Sugar

Sugar consists of five-carbon sugars, specifically ribose and deoxyribose.

Nitrogenous Bases

Nitrogenous bases are classified into two types: purines (double ring structure) and pyrimidines (single ring structure).
Examples of nitrogenous bases include adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U).

Single Nucleotide Molecules

Single nucleotide molecules have two critical functions:
- Capture and transfer energy in high-energy electrons or phosphate bonds.
- Aid in cell-to-cell communication.

Bonds

There are four types of bonds: ionic, covalent, hydrogen, and van der Waals forces.

Ionic Bonds

Ionic bonds form when one atom has a strong attraction for electrons that it pulls one or more electrons completely away from another atom.

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bonds form between a hydrogen atom and a nearby oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom.
Hydrogen bonds are responsible for the surface tension of water.

Van der Waals Forces

Van der Waals forces are weak, nonspecific attractions between atoms.

Chromium Picolinate

Chromium (Cr) is an essential element linked to normal glucose metabolism.
Chromium picolinate is a compound that enhances chromium uptake at the intestine.

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Description

This quiz explores the concept of 'omes and the composition of simple and complex organisms, including the structure and function of cells.