Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does the term 'ome' originate from?
What does the term 'ome' originate from?
- Greek word for whole
- French word for collection
- Latin word for mass or tumor (correct)
- German word for unity
What is a collection of cells that carry out related functions called?
What is a collection of cells that carry out related functions called?
- Organ system
- Organ
- Tissue (correct)
- Cell cluster
What is a biome?
What is a biome?
- A collection of all genetic material in an organism
- A group of organs that work together
- A type of tissue
- All organisms living in a major ecological region (correct)
What is a genome?
What is a genome?
What is the physiome of an organism?
What is the physiome of an organism?
How many physiological organ systems are there in the human body?
How many physiological organ systems are there in the human body?
What is the main focus of Theme 3 in AP Biology?
What is the main focus of Theme 3 in AP Biology?
What is the role of energy in the body according to Chapter 4?
What is the role of energy in the body according to Chapter 4?
What is the result of using the connector AND in a search?
What is the result of using the connector AND in a search?
What is the professor's suggestion to Jimmy for searching?
What is the professor's suggestion to Jimmy for searching?
What is the topic that Jimmy searches for on the Internet?
What is the topic that Jimmy searches for on the Internet?
What is the relevance of set theory in the context of searching?
What is the relevance of set theory in the context of searching?
What are the two themes mentioned in the AP report?
What are the two themes mentioned in the AP report?
What is Jimmy's problem that he discusses with his professor?
What is Jimmy's problem that he discusses with his professor?
What is the theme that describes the integration of structure and function across all levels of organization?
What is the theme that describes the integration of structure and function across all levels of organization?
What is the primary function of cell membranes at the microscopic level?
What is the primary function of cell membranes at the microscopic level?
What is the name of the oxygen-carrying protein in which a small change in one amino acid can have significant effects?
What is the name of the oxygen-carrying protein in which a small change in one amino acid can have significant effects?
At the macroscopic level, what are the functional compartments formed by the tissues and organs of the body?
At the macroscopic level, what are the functional compartments formed by the tissues and organs of the body?
What is the theme that describes the need for energy in living organisms?
What is the theme that describes the need for energy in living organisms?
What is the purpose of compartmentation in cells?
What is the purpose of compartmentation in cells?
What is the relationship between a molecule's structure and function?
What is the relationship between a molecule's structure and function?
What is the primary function of cell-to-cell communication?
What is the primary function of cell-to-cell communication?
What is the topic of Chapter 5?
What is the topic of Chapter 5?
What is the term for the process by which genetic code is translated into proteins?
What is the term for the process by which genetic code is translated into proteins?
What is the purpose of signal molecules in cell-to-cell communication?
What is the purpose of signal molecules in cell-to-cell communication?
What did Walter B. Cannon propose in his 1929 review?
What did Walter B. Cannon propose in his 1929 review?
What is the term for the flow of information between cells?
What is the term for the flow of information between cells?
What happens to signal molecules that cannot enter the cell?
What happens to signal molecules that cannot enter the cell?
What is the result of chemical signals reaching their target cells?
What is the result of chemical signals reaching their target cells?
What is the primary cause of diabetes mellitus?
What is the primary cause of diabetes mellitus?
What is the term for the study of body functions in a disease state?
What is the term for the study of body functions in a disease state?
What is the result when the body's compensation for a disturbance in homeostasis fails?
What is the result when the body's compensation for a disturbance in homeostasis fails?
What is the main reason marine invertebrates cannot tolerate significant changes in salinity and pH?
What is the main reason marine invertebrates cannot tolerate significant changes in salinity and pH?
What is the primary reason organisms that migrated from the ancient seas into estuaries had to adapt?
What is the primary reason organisms that migrated from the ancient seas into estuaries had to adapt?
What is the term for the condition where the body's internal environment is disturbed?
What is the term for the condition where the body's internal environment is disturbed?
What is the primary reason why ancient organisms relied on the constancy of their external environment?
What is the primary reason why ancient organisms relied on the constancy of their external environment?
What is the term for the situation where the body's internal environment is in balance?
What is the term for the situation where the body's internal environment is in balance?
What is the correct combination of monosaccharides in sucrose?
What is the correct combination of monosaccharides in sucrose?
What is the monosaccharide that combines with glucose to form lactose?
What is the monosaccharide that combines with glucose to form lactose?
What is the correct notation for representing the structure of glucose?
What is the correct notation for representing the structure of glucose?
Which of the following disaccharides is composed of glucose + glucose?
Which of the following disaccharides is composed of glucose + glucose?
What is the correct combination of monosaccharides in maltose?
What is the correct combination of monosaccharides in maltose?
What is the monosaccharide that combines with glucose to form sucrose?
What is the monosaccharide that combines with glucose to form sucrose?
What is the common feature of the structure of disaccharides?
What is the common feature of the structure of disaccharides?
What is the correct representation of the structure of glucose in shorthand notation?
What is the correct representation of the structure of glucose in shorthand notation?
What is the formula to calculate molecular mass?
What is the formula to calculate molecular mass?
What is the correct unit for the amount of solute per volume of solvent?
What is the correct unit for the amount of solute per volume of solvent?
What type of bonds play an important role in the shape of many globular proteins?
What type of bonds play an important role in the shape of many globular proteins?
What is the correct formula to calculate the amount of solute per volume of solution?
What is the correct formula to calculate the amount of solute per volume of solution?
What is the function of buffers in the body?
What is the function of buffers in the body?
What is the molecular mass of water (H2O)?
What is the molecular mass of water (H2O)?
What type of proteins are usually insoluble in water and form important structural components of cells and tissues?
What type of proteins are usually insoluble in water and form important structural components of cells and tissues?
What happens when hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added to a buffer solution containing bicarbonate anions?
What happens when hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added to a buffer solution containing bicarbonate anions?
What is the unit of molecular mass?
What is the unit of molecular mass?
What is the purpose of calculating molecular mass?
What is the purpose of calculating molecular mass?
What is the function of cysteine residues in globular proteins?
What is the function of cysteine residues in globular proteins?
What is the result of adding acid to the body through metabolism?
What is the result of adding acid to the body through metabolism?
What type of bonds stabilize the shape of globular proteins?
What type of bonds stabilize the shape of globular proteins?
What is the function of the bicarbonate anion in the body?
What is the function of the bicarbonate anion in the body?
What determines the shape of proteins?
What determines the shape of proteins?
What is the purpose of hydrogen bonding in proteins?
What is the purpose of hydrogen bonding in proteins?
What is the normal pH of blood in the human body?
What is the normal pH of blood in the human body?
What is the result of a change in shape of a protein?
What is the result of a change in shape of a protein?
What is the function of proteins with a sheetlike structure?
What is the function of proteins with a sheetlike structure?
What is the purpose of measuring the concentration of free H+ in body fluids?
What is the purpose of measuring the concentration of free H+ in body fluids?
What is the significance of the pH scale?
What is the significance of the pH scale?
What is the primary characteristic of lipids in an aqueous solution?
What is the primary characteristic of lipids in an aqueous solution?
Why is it critical to regulate the body's pH within a narrow range?
Why is it critical to regulate the body's pH within a narrow range?
What happens when an atom of an element gains or loses one or more electrons?
What happens when an atom of an element gains or loses one or more electrons?
Why do hydrophobic molecules like cholesterol need to combine with a hydrophilic molecule in the body?
Why do hydrophobic molecules like cholesterol need to combine with a hydrophilic molecule in the body?
What type of bond is formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons?
What type of bond is formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons?
What is the term for the type of bond formed between hydrogen and oxygen or nitrogen?
What is the term for the type of bond formed between hydrogen and oxygen or nitrogen?
What is the result when a hydrophobic molecule like cholesterol binds to a hydrophilic molecule in the body?
What is the result when a hydrophobic molecule like cholesterol binds to a hydrophilic molecule in the body?
What is the term for the combination of cholesterol with its hydrophilic carrier molecules in the blood?
What is the term for the combination of cholesterol with its hydrophilic carrier molecules in the blood?
Why do hydrophobic molecules not dissolve in water?
Why do hydrophobic molecules not dissolve in water?
What is the main purpose of LO 2.1.1?
What is the main purpose of LO 2.1.1?
What is the focus of molecular interactions in LO 2.2.1?
What is the focus of molecular interactions in LO 2.2.1?
What is the relationship between molecular shape and function?
What is the relationship between molecular shape and function?
What is the primary focus of LO 2.3.1?
What is the primary focus of LO 2.3.1?
What is the main focus of Section 2.1?
What is the main focus of Section 2.1?
What is the significance of molecular shape?
What is the significance of molecular shape?
What is the function of single nucleotide molecules in the human body?
What is the function of single nucleotide molecules in the human body?
What is the name of the base presented in the molecule with the formula HOCH2?
What is the name of the base presented in the molecule with the formula HOCH2?
What is the name of the base presented in the molecule with the formula HOCH2, excluding adenine?
What is the name of the base presented in the molecule with the formula HOCH2, excluding adenine?
What is the bond between adenine and ribose called?
What is the bond between adenine and ribose called?
What is the name of the molecule formed by the bonding of adenine and ribose?
What is the name of the molecule formed by the bonding of adenine and ribose?
How many critical functions do single nucleotide molecules have in the human body?
How many critical functions do single nucleotide molecules have in the human body?
What is the primary function of nucleic acids?
What is the primary function of nucleic acids?
Which type of nitrogenous base has a double ring structure?
Which type of nitrogenous base has a double ring structure?
What is the five-carbon sugar found in RNA?
What is the five-carbon sugar found in RNA?
What is the phosphate group bonded to in nucleic acids?
What is the phosphate group bonded to in nucleic acids?
What is the role of the sugar molecule in nucleic acids?
What is the role of the sugar molecule in nucleic acids?
Which of the following is a component of nucleic acids?
Which of the following is a component of nucleic acids?
What type of bond forms between a hydrogen atom and a nearby oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom?
What type of bond forms between a hydrogen atom and a nearby oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom?
What type of attraction occurs between atoms in a solid state, resulting in the formation of sodium chloride crystals?
What type of attraction occurs between atoms in a solid state, resulting in the formation of sodium chloride crystals?
What is the primary function of hydrogen bonds between water molecules?
What is the primary function of hydrogen bonds between water molecules?
What type of bond is responsible for the reversible interactions between molecules?
What type of bond is responsible for the reversible interactions between molecules?
What is the primary characteristic of ionic bonds?
What is the primary characteristic of ionic bonds?
What is the primary function of van der Waals forces?
What is the primary function of van der Waals forces?
What is the primary function of chromium in the human body?
What is the primary function of chromium in the human body?
What is the purpose of chromium picolinate?
What is the purpose of chromium picolinate?
What is the recommended adequate intake of chromium for men aged 19-50?
What is the recommended adequate intake of chromium for men aged 19-50?
What type of bonds are formed when one atom has a strong attraction for electrons?
What type of bonds are formed when one atom has a strong attraction for electrons?
What is the result of a chlorine atom pulling an electron from a sodium atom?
What is the result of a chlorine atom pulling an electron from a sodium atom?
What is the role of picolinate in chromium supplements?
What is the role of picolinate in chromium supplements?
Study Notes
Organization of Living Things
- Simple organisms are composed of one cell, while complex organisms have many cells with different structural and functional specializations.
- Collections of cells that carry out related functions are called tissues.
- Tissues form structural and functional units known as organs.
- Groups of organs integrate their functions to create organ systems.
Omics and Omes
- The term "ome" refers to a collection of items that make up a whole, such as a genome.
- A genome is a collection of all the genetic material of an organism.
- Its physiome describes the organism's coordinated molecular, cellular, and physiological functioning.
Integration of Structure and Function
- The integration of structure and function extends across all levels of organization, from the molecular level to the intact body.
- This theme subdivides into two major ideas: molecular interactions and compartmentation.
Molecular Interactions
- The ability of individual molecules to bind to or react with other molecules is essential for biological function.
- A molecule's function depends on its structure and shape, and even a small change to the structure or shape may have significant effects on the function.
Theme 2: Living Organisms Need Energy
- Growth, reproduction, movement, homeostasis, and all other processes that take place in an organism require the continuous input of energy.
- The ways that energy is used in the body will be discussed in subsequent chapters.
Theme 3: Information Flow Coordinates Body Functions
- Information flow in living systems ranges from the transfer of information stored in DNA from generation to generation (genetics) to the flow of information within the body of a single organism.
- Information flow includes translation of DNA's genetic code into proteins responsible for cell structure and function.
- Cell-to-cell communication uses chemical signals, electrical signals, or a combination of both.
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis is the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment.
- External causes of disease include toxic chemicals, physical trauma, and foreign invaders such as viruses and bacteria.
- When homeostasis is disturbed, the body attempts to compensate, and if the compensation is successful, homeostasis is restored.
Disaccharides
- Disaccharides consist of glucose and another monosaccharide
- Examples of disaccharides:
- Sucrose (table sugar) = glucose + fructose
- Maltose = glucose + glucose
- Lactose = galactose + glucose
Lipids
- Lipids are the most hydrophobic group of biological molecules
- Lipids do not dissolve in aqueous solutions and separate into distinct layers
- Example: salad oil floating on vinegar in a bottle of salad dressing
- Hydrophobic molecules can dissolve in body fluids only when combined with a hydrophilic molecule
Ions and Bonds
- When an atom gains or loses one or more electrons, it is called an ion of that element
- Types of bonds:
- Hydrogen bond: weak attractive force between hydrogen and oxygen or nitrogen
- Ionic bond: formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
- Covalent bond: when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
- Hydrogen bond: weak attractive force between hydrogen and oxygen or nitrogen
Proteins
- Proteins have the most complex and varied shapes of all biomolecules
- Shapes are determined by the sequence of amino acids in the protein chain and noncovalent interactions
- Stable secondary structures of proteins are formed by covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds
- Two common protein secondary structures:
- Alpha-helix (α-helix) spiral
- Beta-sheets (β-sheets)
pH and Acidity
- pH measures the concentration of free H+ in body fluids
- Normal pH of blood in the human body is 7.40, slightly alkaline
- Buffers moderate changes in pH by binding to H+ molecules
- Bicarbonate anion (HCO3-) is an important buffer in the human body
Molecular Mass and Concentration
- Molecular mass is the sum of the atomic masses of each element in a molecule
- Concentration can be expressed as amount of solvent per volume of solution, amount of solute per volume of solution, or other ratios
Molecules and Bonds
- Science views humans as a collection of atoms united by a mysterious force called the life-principle.
- Biomolecules are classified into four major groups: nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleic acids (or nucleotide polymers) such as RNA and DNA store and transmit genetic information.
- Nucleic acids consist of three components: sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases.
Sugar
- Sugar consists of five-carbon sugars, specifically ribose and deoxyribose.
Nitrogenous Bases
- Nitrogenous bases are classified into two types: purines (double ring structure) and pyrimidines (single ring structure).
- Examples of nitrogenous bases include adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U).
Single Nucleotide Molecules
- Single nucleotide molecules have two critical functions:
- Capture and transfer energy in high-energy electrons or phosphate bonds.
- Aid in cell-to-cell communication.
Bonds
- There are four types of bonds: ionic, covalent, hydrogen, and van der Waals forces.
Ionic Bonds
- Ionic bonds form when one atom has a strong attraction for electrons that it pulls one or more electrons completely away from another atom.
Hydrogen Bonds
- Hydrogen bonds form between a hydrogen atom and a nearby oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom.
- Hydrogen bonds are responsible for the surface tension of water.
Van der Waals Forces
- Van der Waals forces are weak, nonspecific attractions between atoms.
Chromium Picolinate
- Chromium (Cr) is an essential element linked to normal glucose metabolism.
- Chromium picolinate is a compound that enhances chromium uptake at the intestine.
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Description
This quiz explores the concept of 'omes and the composition of simple and complex organisms, including the structure and function of cells.
