Biology: Understanding 'Omics and Cell Composition
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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'ome' originate from?

  • Greek word for whole
  • French word for collection
  • Latin word for mass or tumor (correct)
  • German word for unity

    • What is a collection of cells that carry out related functions called?

  • Organ system
  • Organ
  • Tissue (correct)
  • Cell cluster

    • What is a biome?

  • A collection of all genetic material in an organism
  • A group of organs that work together
  • A type of tissue
  • All organisms living in a major ecological region (correct)

    • What is a genome?

    <p>A collection of all genetic material in an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physiome of an organism?

    <p>The coordinated molecular, cellular, and physiological functioning of an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many physiological organ systems are there in the human body?

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Theme 3 in AP Biology?

    <p>Information flow in living systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of energy in the body according to Chapter 4?

    <p>Building and breaking down molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of using the connector AND in a search?

    <p>You'll get only the results that occur in both sets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the professor's suggestion to Jimmy for searching?

    <p>Combine terms using the connector AND</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the topic that Jimmy searches for on the Internet?

    <p>Diabetes and insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relevance of set theory in the context of searching?

    <p>It helps you narrow down search results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two themes mentioned in the AP report?

    <p>Interdependence in Nature and Science, Technology and Society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Jimmy's problem that he discusses with his professor?

    <p>He's having trouble with his Internet search</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the theme that describes the integration of structure and function across all levels of organization?

    <p>Molecular interactions and compartmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cell membranes at the microscopic level?

    <p>To separate cells from the surrounding fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the oxygen-carrying protein in which a small change in one amino acid can have significant effects?

    <p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At the macroscopic level, what are the functional compartments formed by the tissues and organs of the body?

    <p>Body cavities or the insides of hollow organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the theme that describes the need for energy in living organisms?

    <p>Living organisms need energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of compartmentation in cells?

    <p>To create functional compartments within the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between a molecule's structure and function?

    <p>A molecule's structure determines its function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cell-to-cell communication?

    <p>To coordinate function among cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the topic of Chapter 5?

    <p>How molecules cross biological membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which genetic code is translated into proteins?

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of signal molecules in cell-to-cell communication?

    <p>To transmit information across the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Walter B. Cannon propose in his 1929 review?

    <p>A list of variables under homeostatic control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the flow of information between cells?

    <p>Information flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to signal molecules that cannot enter the cell?

    <p>They pass their message across the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of chemical signals reaching their target cells?

    <p>The information is transmitted into the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Abnormally high blood glucose concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of body functions in a disease state?

    <p>Pathophysiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result when the body's compensation for a disturbance in homeostasis fails?

    <p>Illness or disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason marine invertebrates cannot tolerate significant changes in salinity and pH?

    <p>Their internal composition is identical to that of seawater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason organisms that migrated from the ancient seas into estuaries had to adapt?

    <p>The external environment was constantly changing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition where the body's internal environment is disturbed?

    <p>Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why ancient organisms relied on the constancy of their external environment?

    <p>To regulate their internal environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the situation where the body's internal environment is in balance?

    <p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct combination of monosaccharides in sucrose?

    <p>Glucose + Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the monosaccharide that combines with glucose to form lactose?

    <p>Galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct notation for representing the structure of glucose?

    <p>HOCH2 without carbons in the rings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disaccharides is composed of glucose + glucose?

    <p>Maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct combination of monosaccharides in maltose?

    <p>Glucose + Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the monosaccharide that combines with glucose to form sucrose?

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common feature of the structure of disaccharides?

    <p>They are composed of two monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct representation of the structure of glucose in shorthand notation?

    <p>HOCH2 (without carbons in the rings)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate molecular mass?

    <p>SUM of atomic mass of each element × the number of atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct unit for the amount of solute per volume of solvent?

    <p>Moles per liter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bonds play an important role in the shape of many globular proteins?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and ionic bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct formula to calculate the amount of solute per volume of solution?

    <p>Amount of solute / volume of solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of buffers in the body?

    <p>To moderate changes in pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular mass of water (H2O)?

    <p>18 g/mol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of proteins are usually insoluble in water and form important structural components of cells and tissues?

    <p>Fibrous proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added to a buffer solution containing bicarbonate anions?

    <p>The bicarbonate anions bond to the H+, minimizing any change in pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of molecular mass?

    <p>Grams per mole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating molecular mass?

    <p>To determine the properties of a substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cysteine residues in globular proteins?

    <p>To form disulfide bonds with other cysteine residues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of adding acid to the body through metabolism?

    <p>The body's pH remains constant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bonds stabilize the shape of globular proteins?

    <p>Covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the bicarbonate anion in the body?

    <p>To maintain a stable pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the shape of proteins?

    <p>Both the sequence of amino acids in the protein chain and varied noncovalent interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of hydrogen bonding in proteins?

    <p>To form stable sheetlike structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal pH of blood in the human body?

    <p>7.40</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a change in shape of a protein?

    <p>The protein's ability to function is altered or destroyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of proteins with a sheetlike structure?

    <p>To carry out structural uses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of measuring the concentration of free H+ in body fluids?

    <p>To measure the acidity of body fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the pH scale?

    <p>It reviews the chemistry of pH and shows pH values of various substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of lipids in an aqueous solution?

    <p>They separate into distinct layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it critical to regulate the body's pH within a narrow range?

    <p>To ensure the proper functioning of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an atom of an element gains or loses one or more electrons?

    <p>It is called an ion of that element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do hydrophobic molecules like cholesterol need to combine with a hydrophilic molecule in the body?

    <p>To increase their solubility in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons?

    <p>Covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of bond formed between hydrogen and oxygen or nitrogen?

    <p>Hydrogen bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result when a hydrophobic molecule like cholesterol binds to a hydrophilic molecule in the body?

    <p>It becomes soluble in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the combination of cholesterol with its hydrophilic carrier molecules in the blood?

    <p>HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do hydrophobic molecules not dissolve in water?

    <p>They are repelled by water molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of LO 2.1.1?

    <p>To compare and contrast the composition, structure, and functions of the four major groups of biomolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of molecular interactions in LO 2.2.1?

    <p>Noncovalent interactions that contribute to molecular shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between molecular shape and function?

    <p>Molecular shape determines molecular function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of LO 2.3.1?

    <p>Protein interactions and their importance in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Section 2.1?

    <p>The composition, structure, and functions of biomolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of molecular shape?

    <p>It determines molecular function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of single nucleotide molecules in the human body?

    <p>To capture and transfer energy in high-energy electrons or phosphate bonds, and to aid in cell-to-cell communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the base presented in the molecule with the formula HOCH2?

    <p>Adenine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the base presented in the molecule with the formula HOCH2, excluding adenine?

    <p>Guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bond between adenine and ribose called?

    <p>Glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the molecule formed by the bonding of adenine and ribose?

    <p>Adenosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many critical functions do single nucleotide molecules have in the human body?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of nucleic acids?

    <p>To store and transmit genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nitrogenous base has a double ring structure?

    <p>Purines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the five-carbon sugar found in RNA?

    <p>Ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phosphate group bonded to in nucleic acids?

    <p>Sugar molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sugar molecule in nucleic acids?

    <p>To provide structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of nucleic acids?

    <p>Phosphate groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond forms between a hydrogen atom and a nearby oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom?

    <p>Hydrogen bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of attraction occurs between atoms in a solid state, resulting in the formation of sodium chloride crystals?

    <p>Ionic bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hydrogen bonds between water molecules?

    <p>To increase the surface tension of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is responsible for the reversible interactions between molecules?

    <p>Van der Waals force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of ionic bonds?

    <p>They are strong and nonspecific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of van der Waals forces?

    <p>To facilitate reversible interactions between molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chromium in the human body?

    <p>To facilitate normal glucose metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of chromium picolinate?

    <p>To enhance the absorption of chromium in the intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended adequate intake of chromium for men aged 19-50?

    <p>35 mg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bonds are formed when one atom has a strong attraction for electrons?

    <p>Ionic bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a chlorine atom pulling an electron from a sodium atom?

    <p>The formation of an ionic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of picolinate in chromium supplements?

    <p>To enhance the absorption of chromium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Organization of Living Things

    • Simple organisms are composed of one cell, while complex organisms have many cells with different structural and functional specializations.
    • Collections of cells that carry out related functions are called tissues.
    • Tissues form structural and functional units known as organs.
    • Groups of organs integrate their functions to create organ systems.

    Omics and Omes

    • The term "ome" refers to a collection of items that make up a whole, such as a genome.
    • A genome is a collection of all the genetic material of an organism.
    • Its physiome describes the organism's coordinated molecular, cellular, and physiological functioning.

    Integration of Structure and Function

    • The integration of structure and function extends across all levels of organization, from the molecular level to the intact body.
    • This theme subdivides into two major ideas: molecular interactions and compartmentation.

    Molecular Interactions

    • The ability of individual molecules to bind to or react with other molecules is essential for biological function.
    • A molecule's function depends on its structure and shape, and even a small change to the structure or shape may have significant effects on the function.

    Theme 2: Living Organisms Need Energy

    • Growth, reproduction, movement, homeostasis, and all other processes that take place in an organism require the continuous input of energy.
    • The ways that energy is used in the body will be discussed in subsequent chapters.

    Theme 3: Information Flow Coordinates Body Functions

    • Information flow in living systems ranges from the transfer of information stored in DNA from generation to generation (genetics) to the flow of information within the body of a single organism.
    • Information flow includes translation of DNA's genetic code into proteins responsible for cell structure and function.
    • Cell-to-cell communication uses chemical signals, electrical signals, or a combination of both.

    Homeostasis

    • Homeostasis is the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment.
    • External causes of disease include toxic chemicals, physical trauma, and foreign invaders such as viruses and bacteria.
    • When homeostasis is disturbed, the body attempts to compensate, and if the compensation is successful, homeostasis is restored.

    Disaccharides

    • Disaccharides consist of glucose and another monosaccharide
    • Examples of disaccharides:
      • Sucrose (table sugar) = glucose + fructose
      • Maltose = glucose + glucose
      • Lactose = galactose + glucose

    Lipids

    • Lipids are the most hydrophobic group of biological molecules
    • Lipids do not dissolve in aqueous solutions and separate into distinct layers
    • Example: salad oil floating on vinegar in a bottle of salad dressing
    • Hydrophobic molecules can dissolve in body fluids only when combined with a hydrophilic molecule

    Ions and Bonds

    • When an atom gains or loses one or more electrons, it is called an ion of that element
    • Types of bonds:
      • Hydrogen bond: weak attractive force between hydrogen and oxygen or nitrogen
      • Ionic bond: formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
      • Covalent bond: when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
      • Hydrogen bond: weak attractive force between hydrogen and oxygen or nitrogen

    Proteins

    • Proteins have the most complex and varied shapes of all biomolecules
    • Shapes are determined by the sequence of amino acids in the protein chain and noncovalent interactions
    • Stable secondary structures of proteins are formed by covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds
    • Two common protein secondary structures:
      • Alpha-helix (α-helix) spiral
      • Beta-sheets (β-sheets)

    pH and Acidity

    • pH measures the concentration of free H+ in body fluids
    • Normal pH of blood in the human body is 7.40, slightly alkaline
    • Buffers moderate changes in pH by binding to H+ molecules
    • Bicarbonate anion (HCO3-) is an important buffer in the human body

    Molecular Mass and Concentration

    • Molecular mass is the sum of the atomic masses of each element in a molecule
    • Concentration can be expressed as amount of solvent per volume of solution, amount of solute per volume of solution, or other ratios

    Molecules and Bonds

    • Science views humans as a collection of atoms united by a mysterious force called the life-principle.
    • Biomolecules are classified into four major groups: nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.

    Nucleic Acids

    • Nucleic acids (or nucleotide polymers) such as RNA and DNA store and transmit genetic information.
    • Nucleic acids consist of three components: sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases.

    Sugar

    • Sugar consists of five-carbon sugars, specifically ribose and deoxyribose.

    Nitrogenous Bases

    • Nitrogenous bases are classified into two types: purines (double ring structure) and pyrimidines (single ring structure).
    • Examples of nitrogenous bases include adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U).

    Single Nucleotide Molecules

    • Single nucleotide molecules have two critical functions:
      • Capture and transfer energy in high-energy electrons or phosphate bonds.
      • Aid in cell-to-cell communication.

    Bonds

    • There are four types of bonds: ionic, covalent, hydrogen, and van der Waals forces.

    Ionic Bonds

    • Ionic bonds form when one atom has a strong attraction for electrons that it pulls one or more electrons completely away from another atom.

    Hydrogen Bonds

    • Hydrogen bonds form between a hydrogen atom and a nearby oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom.
    • Hydrogen bonds are responsible for the surface tension of water.

    Van der Waals Forces

    • Van der Waals forces are weak, nonspecific attractions between atoms.

    Chromium Picolinate

    • Chromium (Cr) is an essential element linked to normal glucose metabolism.
    • Chromium picolinate is a compound that enhances chromium uptake at the intestine.

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    Description

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