Biology Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell

Prokaryotic DNA is not membrane enclosed and is located in the nucleoid, while eukaryotic DNA is membrane-bound and located in the nucleus.

A rigid structure outside of the plasma membrane; in plants, the cell wall is made of cellulose.

<p>A membrane enclosing the cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A region where the cell's DNA is located (not enclosed by membrane).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The contents of the cell bound by the plasma membrane; in eukaryotes, it excludes the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locomotion organelles of some bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells need to maintain a high surface area to volume ratio for efficient exchange of materials with their surroundings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microvilli are long projections from the surface that increase surface area without appreciable increase in volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm; it is a double membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A net-like array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of a nucleus by supporting the nuclear envelope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A framework of protein fibers extending throughout the nuclear interior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA and protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ribosomes are cellular components made of RNA and protein that carry out protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Location: cytosol; Product: enzymes that catalyze sugar breakdown.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Location: outside of the endoplasmic reticulum; Product: proteins for insertion into membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, vesicles, vacuoles, plasma membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Metabolic processes 2. Synthesis of lipids 3. Detoxification of drugs by adding hydroxyl.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secretory proteins depart from the ER wrapped in the membranes of vesicles that bud from a specialized region called transitional ER.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Packaging secretory proteins into transport vesicles 2. Membrane factory of the cell that grows by adding membrane proteins and phospholipids to its own membrane.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It fuses with the plasma membrane; the Golgi apparatus dispatches vesicles that may recycle enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that animal cells use to digest macromolecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A food vacuole formed by phagocytosis fuses with a lysosome, whose enzymes digest food, including simple sugars and amino acids. Macrophages, which are white blood cells, engulf bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Damaged organelles or small amounts of cytosol become surrounded by a double membrane, and a lysosome fuses with the outer membrane of this vesicle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A lipid-digesting enzyme is missing or inactive, leading to an accumulation of lipids in the brain and impairment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Membranous sacs formed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or particles to be used as food by the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Membranous sacs that help move excess water out of certain freshwater protists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In a mature plant cell, a large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth, storage, and getting rid of toxic substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Growth - vacuoles absorb water 2. Cell sap - source of respiration 3. Maintains ratio.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The theory suggests that an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed oxygen-using, non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cells, forming relationships. Evidence includes: 1. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have two surrounding membranes 2. They contain ribosomes and DNA to synthesize proteins 3. They are autonomous organelles that grow and reproduce within the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sites of cellular respiration, the metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Found in plants or algae, chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peroxisomes break down toxic hydrogen peroxide in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm that organizes structures and activities of the cell, composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Mechanical support 2. Maintain shape 3. Cell motility - changes in cell location and limits movement of parts of the cell.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Microtubules 2. Microfilaments 3. Intermediate filaments.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Centrioles assist in the organization of the cytoskeleton and are important for cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cilia and flagella are locomotor appendages with a common structure; however, cilia typically have a beating pattern like oars, while flagella differ in length, number per cell, and beating pattern.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Bearing tension 2. Makeup of nuclear lamina and axon extensions of neurons to transmit impulses.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Protect plant cells 2. Maintain shape 3. Prevent excessive uptake of water.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins that glues adjacent cells together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasmodesmata, which allow water and small solutes to pass through them.</p> Signup and view all the answers