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Questions and Answers
What are the four types of body tissues?
What are the four types of body tissues?
- Nervous
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscular
- All of the above (correct)
What is the primary function of connective tissue?
What is the primary function of connective tissue?
- Stores energy reserves (correct)
- Specialized for contraction
- Carries information in electrical impulses
- Covers exposed surfaces
What makes up the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
What makes up the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
Brain and spinal cord
What are the two divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
What are the two divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
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The autonomic nervous system provides voluntary control.
The autonomic nervous system provides voluntary control.
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The __________ carries impulses between the spinal cord, chest, abdomen, and extremities.
The __________ carries impulses between the spinal cord, chest, abdomen, and extremities.
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What is the role of glial cells?
What is the role of glial cells?
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What does the afferent division of the PNS do?
What does the afferent division of the PNS do?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the CNS?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the CNS?
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Study Notes
Tissue Types
- Cells are the building blocks of the body
- Tissues are groups of cells with a specific function
- Four types of tissue: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous
- Epithelial covers surfaces and lines internal passageways
- Connective fills spaces, supports other tissues, and transports materials
- Muscular specializes in contraction and includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles
- Nervous carries information throughout the body as electrical signals
Nervous System Overview
- Nervous System (NS) functions: sensory, integrative, and motor
- Sensory function involves sensing changes within and outside the body
- Integrative function analyzes sensory information, stores some, and makes decisions on appropriate behavior
- Motor function responds to stimuli via muscle contractions or glandular secretions
NS Divisions
- Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): cranial and spinal nerves, sensory receptors
- CNS is protected by bone and meninges, contains neural, connective, and vascular tissue
- PNS carries information to and from the CNS, made of bundles of axons (nerve fibers)
CNS Functions
- Processes and coordinates sensory data from inside and outside the body
- Coordinates motor commands to control peripheral organs
- Involved in higher functions like intelligence, memory, learning, and emotion
- Works at both conscious and subconscious levels, integrating physiology and psychology
CNS Work Example: Thermoregulation
- Blood temperature is the stimulus received by the hypothalamus
- Hypothalamus can respond to changes in temperature outside of the set range
- Hypothalamus activates either heat-losing or heat-gaining mechanisms
PNS Components
- Contains 12 pairs of cranial nerves (except for the vagus nerve) and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
- Cranial nerves carry impulses between the brain, head, and neck
- Spinal nerves carry impulses between the spinal cord, chest, abdomen, and extremities
PNS Divisions
- Afferent division brings information to the CNS
- Efferent division carries motor commands to muscles and glands
- Somatic Nervous System (SNS) provides voluntary control over skeletal muscle contractions
- Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) provides involuntary control over smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue
- ANS has two divisions: parasympathetic and sympathetic, which have antagonistic effects
PNS Division Examples
- Somatic Nervous System: consciously raising an arm to drink
- Autonomic Nervous System: subconsciously controlling heart rate
- Parasympathetic activity: slowing heart rate, promoting relaxation, digestion, and rest
- Sympathetic activity: increasing heart rate, preparing the body for action (fight or flight)
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