Biology Therapeutic Cloning and Sexual Reproduction
40 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is an advantage of external fertilization?

  • Offspring are cared for by parents
  • Large numbers of offspring are produced (correct)
  • Higher chance of offspring survival
  • More energy is required to find a mate

    • Internal fertilization leads to higher survival rates for offspring due to parental care.

    True

    What is the primary purpose of therapeutic cloning?

  • To produce research subjects
  • To correct health problems (correct)
  • To enhance genetic diversity
  • To create new organisms

    • What is the process through which male gametes are transferred to female plant structures?

    <p>pollination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The protective case that carries sperm cells in plants is called _____ grains.

    <p>pollen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stem cells from specific body tissues can become any type of cell in the human body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which a haploid sperm cell and a haploid egg cell form a diploid zygote?

    <p>Fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of fertilization with its characteristic:

    <p>External fertilization = Less energy to find a mate Internal fertilization = Higher offspring survival Pollination = Transfer of male gametes Zygote formation = Occurs after fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aquatic animals typically reproduce through __________ fertilization.

    <p>external</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms commonly use internal fertilization?

    <p>Birds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cloning types with their descriptions:

    <p>Therapeutic Cloning = Used to correct health problems Reproductive Cloning = Used to create a new organism Cellular Differentiation = Process by which a cell becomes specialized Stem Cells = Cells that can develop into different cell types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Zygotes formed from external fertilization are protected from predators.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the zygote after fertilization in plants?

    <p>It grows into an embryo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must occur for sexual reproduction to take place in most species?

    <p>Two parents must mate to bring gametes together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All sexually reproducing species require two separate parents.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is fragmentation in the context of reproduction?

    <p>A method of asexual reproduction where an organism splits into fragments, each capable of growing into a new organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of the phases of mitosis?

    <p>Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokinesis occurs before the phases of mitosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are gametes?

    <p>Special cells that have half the number of chromosomes as body cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In meiosis, sister chromatids separate during meiosis ____.

    <p>II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Gamete = Specialized reproductive cell Zygote = First body cell of a new organism Fertilization = Combining gametes from two parents Homologous chromosomes = Matching pairs of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one benefit of genetic diversity?

    <p>It helps organisms cope with changes in their environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sexual reproduction requires only one parent.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of chromosomes in human body cells?

    <p>46</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diploid number of chromosomes in human body cells?

    <p>46</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gametes are diploid cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process produces haploid gametes from diploid cells?

    <p>meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meiosis produces _____ haploid cells from one diploid cell.

    <p>four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Diploid = Cells with two sets of chromosomes Haploid = Cells with one set of chromosomes Meiosis = Process that reduces chromosome number Crossing over = Exchange of DNA segments between chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis is crossing over most likely to occur?

    <p>Meiosis I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each gamete contains 46 chromosomes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Matching chromosomes from each parent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>Increased genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Independent assortment during meiosis leads to a maximum of 2 million combinations of chromosomes in human gametes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a fertilized egg?

    <p>Zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In females, _________ are the end products of meiosis with unequal division of cytoplasm.

    <p>egg cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to chromosomal changes with their descriptions:

    <p>Chromosome mutation = Changes in DNA organization Meiosis I failure = Homologous chromosomes do not separate Meiosis II failure = Sister chromatids do not separate Mutagen = Agents that cause mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cells does meiosis produce in males?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mutations can only occur during meiosis, not during any exposure to environmental factors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do homologous chromosomes refer to?

    <p>Chromosomes that are similar in shape, size, and genetic content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Therapeutic Cloning

    • Purpose of therapeutic cloning is to address and correct health problems
    • Stem cells are crucial for therapeutic cloning
    • Stem cells from human embryos can become any type of human cell (200+ types)
    • Stem cells from specific body tissues can only become a restricted number of cell types
    • Stem cells can be used to replace damaged cells caused by injuries or diseases like diabetes, spinal cord injuries, and Parkinson's disease
    • Therapeutic cloning is controversial due to the use of embryos, which are destroyed during stem cell extraction

    Sexual Reproduction

    • Male gametes (sperm) must fertilize female gametes (egg) for sexual reproduction to occur
    • Meiosis and the fusion of sperm and egg cells produce unique DNA in individuals, except identical twins
    • External fertilization is common in aquatic animals
    • Internal fertilization is dominant in land animals
    • After fertilization, zygote and embryo development occurs through mitosis and cell differentiation
    • Asexual reproduction requires only one parent and can occur in favorable environments
    • Sexual reproduction requires two parents for gamete fusion and fertilization
    • Sexually reproducing species need to mate with individuals of their own species for survival
    • Sexual reproduction involves three stages: mating, fertilization, and development
    • Mating facilitates the meeting of gametes (sperm and egg) at the same time and location
    • Fertilization is the union of a haploid sperm cell and a haploid egg cell to produce a diploid zygote

    External Fertilization

    • Occurs when sperm and egg cells combine outside the parent's bodies
    • Common in aquatic animals and plants in moist environments
    • Advantages: Minimal energy required for mate finding, large offspring production, offspring dispersal minimizes competition with parents, genetic variation is maintained
    • Disadvantages: Low survival rate of gametes outside the body, vulnerability of zygotes and embryos, limited parental care, low adult survival rates

    Internal Fertilization

    • Occurs when sperm and egg cells combine within the female parent's body
    • Common in birds, mammals, and flowering plants
    • Advantages: Increased offspring survival due to embryo protection and parental care
    • Disadvantages: Higher energy expenditure for mate finding, lower zygote production compared to external fertilization

    Pollination

    • Process of internal fertilization in most plants
    • Involves the transfer of male gametes in pollen grains (sperm-carrying structures) to ovules (egg-containing structures)
    • After pollen lands, a pollen tube forms, delivering sperm to the egg cells
    • Fertilization leads to embryo development within a seed, nourished by stored food
    • The seed's outer coating protects the developing embryo

    Phases of Mitosis

    • Mitosis has four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase (PMAT)
    • After PMAT, cytokinesis occurs, dividing the parent cell into two daughter cells

    Meiosis

    • Meiosis produces specialized cells called gametes
    • Gametes have half the number of chromosomes compared to body cells
    • Meiosis involves two cell divisions: meiosis I and meiosis II
    • In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes (matching chromosome pairs) separate
    • In meiosis II, sister chromatids separate
    • Meiosis shuffles genetic information, resulting in variation in gametes

    Variation and Genetic Diversity

    • Sexual reproduction produces genetically diverse offspring unlike asexual reproduction
    • Genetic diversity is the result of random shuffling and sorting of DNA during sexual reproduction
    • Genetic diversity equips organisms with better chances to adapt to environmental changes

    Gametes and Body Cells

    • All human body cells (somatic cells) have 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs
    • One chromosome from each pair is inherited from the mother, the other from the father
    • Diploid cells have pairs of chromosomes (2 sets)
    • The diploid number in humans is 46 (2 x 23 chromosomes)
    • Gametes have only one set of chromosomes (23 chromosomes), making them haploid

    Gamete Haploidy

    • Haploid gametes with 23 chromosomes are required for fertilization to produce a diploid zygote with 46 chromosomes
    • Meiosis ensures that each gamete is haploid
    • Random division of chromosome pairs during meiosis creates millions of possible chromosome combinations in each gamete
    • Fertilization combines chromosomes from both parents, increasing genetic diversity

    Meiosis Process

    • Each chromosome in a cell is duplicated once during meiosis, followed by two cell divisions
    • The first division is meiosis I, similar to mitosis, but homologous chromosomes separate
    • Meiosis I starts with a diploid cell and ends with two diploid cells
    • Meiosis II starts with two diploid cells and ends with four haploid cells
    • Overall, meiosis starts with one diploid cell and produces four haploid cells

    Crossing Over

    • Occurs between homologous chromosomes in meiosis I
    • Non-sister chromatids exchange DNA segments, creating infinite genetic possibilities in gametes

    Independent Assortment

    • Homologous chromosome pairs separate at the equator and move to opposite poles of the cell in meiosis I
    • Each chromosome pair has two possible sorting outcomes, leading to over 8 million combinations for 23 pairs
    • Fertilization can produce over 70 trillion different zygotes due to the combination of sperm and egg chromosomes

    Gamete Formation in Males and Females

    • In males, meiosis I produces two cells, followed by meiosis II resulting in four mature sperm cells
    • In females, meiosis I produces two egg cells with unequal cytoplasm and organelles
    • Meiosis II results in three disintegrating cells, leaving one large egg cell for fertilization

    Chromosome Mutations in Meiosis

    • Small gene mutations may have no effect or cause disease
    • Large-scale DNA and gene rearrangements (loss, duplication, or movement of chromosome pieces) often occur during meiosis
    • These changes affect genes and the corresponding proteins
    • Chromosome mutations can also occur due to exposure to mutagens like radiation or chemicals
    • Whole chromosome mutations can arise in meiosis I (homologous chromosome separation failure) or meiosis II (sister chromatid separation failure)
    • Resulting gametes may have an extra copy or lack a copy of a chromosome
    • Many chromosome mutations are not passed on as offspring may fail to develop or reach reproductive age

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Science 9 Biology Notes Package PDF

    Description

    Explore the essential concepts of therapeutic cloning and sexual reproduction in this quiz. Understand the role of stem cells in health solutions and the mechanisms of gamete fertilization. Ideal for students studying biology topics related to human development and reproductive processes.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser