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Questions and Answers
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between atomic number, protons, and electrons in a neutral atom?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between atomic number, protons, and electrons in a neutral atom?
- The number of protons and neutrons is equal to the atomic number, while the number of electrons is always different.
- The number of protons is equal to the number of neutrons, while the number of electrons may vary.
- The number of protons is equal to the number of electrons and is indicated by the atomic number. (correct)
- The number of electrons is equal to the number of neutrons, while the number of protons may vary.
Consider a newly discovered element found to have 15 protons and an atomic mass of 31. How many neutrons does this element have?
Consider a newly discovered element found to have 15 protons and an atomic mass of 31. How many neutrons does this element have?
- 46
- 15
- 16 (correct)
- 31
An oxygen atom has an atomic number of 8 and an atomic mass of 16. If this atom gains two electrons, what is its resulting charge and classification?
An oxygen atom has an atomic number of 8 and an atomic mass of 16. If this atom gains two electrons, what is its resulting charge and classification?
- 0, Neutral Atom
- -2, Anion (correct)
- +2, Cation
- +2, Anion
Which of the following lists the four most common elements found in living organisms?
Which of the following lists the four most common elements found in living organisms?
An atom has 6 protons and 8 neutrons. What is the atomic mass of this atom?
An atom has 6 protons and 8 neutrons. What is the atomic mass of this atom?
If a sodium atom (Na) loses one electron, what type of ion does it become, and what is its charge?
If a sodium atom (Na) loses one electron, what type of ion does it become, and what is its charge?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between isotopes of the same element?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between isotopes of the same element?
Considering the core concepts in biology, which concept is most directly related to the diversity of finch beak shapes observed by Darwin?
Considering the core concepts in biology, which concept is most directly related to the diversity of finch beak shapes observed by Darwin?
An atom is most stable when:
An atom is most stable when:
What distinguishes a compound from a molecule?
What distinguishes a compound from a molecule?
What happens to atoms during a chemical reaction?
What happens to atoms during a chemical reaction?
Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between energy levels and distance from the nucleus?
Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between energy levels and distance from the nucleus?
In an experiment studying the effect of a new fertilizer on plant growth, which setup would best serve as a control group?
In an experiment studying the effect of a new fertilizer on plant growth, which setup would best serve as a control group?
If element X has a higher electronegativity than element Y, what type of bond is most likely to form between them?
If element X has a higher electronegativity than element Y, what type of bond is most likely to form between them?
How many electrons can the first two energy levels of an atom hold, respectively, when completely filled?
How many electrons can the first two energy levels of an atom hold, respectively, when completely filled?
A researcher is testing a new drug designed to lower blood pressure. What constitutes the experimental group in this study?
A researcher is testing a new drug designed to lower blood pressure. What constitutes the experimental group in this study?
Which statement best describes Charles Darwin's contribution to the theory of evolution?
Which statement best describes Charles Darwin's contribution to the theory of evolution?
In an ionic bond formation between sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) to form NaCl, what happens to the electrons?
In an ionic bond formation between sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) to form NaCl, what happens to the electrons?
Dog breeders choose which animals to breed in order to produce puppies with specific traits. What is this an example of?
Dog breeders choose which animals to breed in order to produce puppies with specific traits. What is this an example of?
What characteristic primarily determines whether a covalent bond will be polar or nonpolar?
What characteristic primarily determines whether a covalent bond will be polar or nonpolar?
The fossil record provides evidence for evolution by:
The fossil record provides evidence for evolution by:
A mutation in a gene results in a protein that cannot fold properly. Which of the following cellular components would most likely assist in correcting this folding error?
A mutation in a gene results in a protein that cannot fold properly. Which of the following cellular components would most likely assist in correcting this folding error?
During DNA replication, a new nucleotide is added to the growing strand. What type of bond is formed to link this nucleotide to the existing chain?
During DNA replication, a new nucleotide is added to the growing strand. What type of bond is formed to link this nucleotide to the existing chain?
Which of the following is an example of homologous structures?
Which of the following is an example of homologous structures?
If a segment of DNA has the sequence 5'-AGTCGAT-3', what would be the sequence of its complementary strand?
If a segment of DNA has the sequence 5'-AGTCGAT-3', what would be the sequence of its complementary strand?
In a chemical reaction, which statement accurately describes the relationship between reactants and products?
In a chemical reaction, which statement accurately describes the relationship between reactants and products?
Bird wings and butterfly wings are both used for flight but develop from different structures. This makes them:
Bird wings and butterfly wings are both used for flight but develop from different structures. This makes them:
Which of the following discoveries provided a mechanism for hereditary, thus supporting the theory of evolution?
Which of the following discoveries provided a mechanism for hereditary, thus supporting the theory of evolution?
A protein's function is most directly dependent on its:
A protein's function is most directly dependent on its:
Which process is defined by the loss of electrons during a chemical reaction?
Which process is defined by the loss of electrons during a chemical reaction?
Which of the following is a characteristic unique to RNA when compared to DNA?
Which of the following is a characteristic unique to RNA when compared to DNA?
Why is a water molecule considered polar?
Why is a water molecule considered polar?
What level of protein structure is characterized by the sequence of amino acids?
What level of protein structure is characterized by the sequence of amino acids?
What property of water is primarily responsible for surface tension?
What property of water is primarily responsible for surface tension?
Which of the following best explains why water is such a versatile solvent?
Which of the following best explains why water is such a versatile solvent?
Which of the following environmental changes would be most likely to cause a protein to denature?
Which of the following environmental changes would be most likely to cause a protein to denature?
Which of the following molecules would be classified as hydrophobic?
Which of the following molecules would be classified as hydrophobic?
A protein contains multiple polypeptide chains. Which level of protein structure describes the arrangement of these chains into a functional protein complex?
A protein contains multiple polypeptide chains. Which level of protein structure describes the arrangement of these chains into a functional protein complex?
What type of interaction explains why oil and water do not mix?
What type of interaction explains why oil and water do not mix?
In the reaction $CH_4 + 2O_2 \rightarrow CO_2 + 2H_2O$, if you start with 16 grams of $CH_4$ (methane), what mass of $O_2$ (oxygen) is required for complete reaction, assuming the molar mass of $CH_4$ is 16 g/mol and $O_2$ is 32 g/mol?
In the reaction $CH_4 + 2O_2 \rightarrow CO_2 + 2H_2O$, if you start with 16 grams of $CH_4$ (methane), what mass of $O_2$ (oxygen) is required for complete reaction, assuming the molar mass of $CH_4$ is 16 g/mol and $O_2$ is 32 g/mol?
Which type of chemical bond is characterized by the attraction of partial charges on different molecules?
Which type of chemical bond is characterized by the attraction of partial charges on different molecules?
A scientist discovers a new molecule. After analysis, it is found to contain carbon-hydrogen bonds. Based on this information, how should the molecule be classified?
A scientist discovers a new molecule. After analysis, it is found to contain carbon-hydrogen bonds. Based on this information, how should the molecule be classified?
Considering the properties of carbon, what is the maximum number of covalent bonds a single carbon atom can form?
Considering the properties of carbon, what is the maximum number of covalent bonds a single carbon atom can form?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four major classes of macromolecules essential to life?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four major classes of macromolecules essential to life?
Glycogen is a polysaccharide used for energy storage in animals. Based on your understanding of macromolecules, what is the monomer that makes up glycogen?
Glycogen is a polysaccharide used for energy storage in animals. Based on your understanding of macromolecules, what is the monomer that makes up glycogen?
During the synthesis of a polysaccharide, a water molecule is released as a byproduct. What type of reaction is this an example of?
During the synthesis of a polysaccharide, a water molecule is released as a byproduct. What type of reaction is this an example of?
A researcher is studying a reaction in which a large carbohydrate molecule is broken down into smaller sugar units using water. What type of reaction is the researcher observing?
A researcher is studying a reaction in which a large carbohydrate molecule is broken down into smaller sugar units using water. What type of reaction is the researcher observing?
According to the central dogma of biology, what is the correct sequence of information flow in a cell?
According to the central dogma of biology, what is the correct sequence of information flow in a cell?
Flashcards
Variable
Variable
A factor that influences the outcome of an experiment.
Control Group
Control Group
A group in the experiment where the variable is kept constant.
Experimental Group
Experimental Group
The group in the experiment where the variable is altered to test the hypothesis.
Natural Selection
Natural Selection
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Artificial Selection
Artificial Selection
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Homologous Structures
Homologous Structures
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Analogous Structures
Analogous Structures
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Fossil Record
Fossil Record
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Electrons
Electrons
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Orbitals
Orbitals
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Energy levels
Energy levels
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Valence level
Valence level
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Ionic bonds
Ionic bonds
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Covalent bonds
Covalent bonds
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Polar covalent bonds
Polar covalent bonds
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Electronegativity
Electronegativity
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Evolution
Evolution
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Atoms
Atoms
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Protons
Protons
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Neutrons
Neutrons
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Isotopes
Isotopes
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Cations
Cations
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Anions
Anions
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Reactants
Reactants
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Products
Products
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Hydrogen Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
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Law of Conservation of Mass
Law of Conservation of Mass
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Macromolecules
Macromolecules
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Oxidation
Oxidation
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Reduction
Reduction
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Polymers
Polymers
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Dehydration Synthesis
Dehydration Synthesis
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Hydrogen Bonding
Hydrogen Bonding
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Hydrolysis Reaction
Hydrolysis Reaction
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Cohesion
Cohesion
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
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Hydrophilic
Hydrophilic
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Nucleotide
Nucleotide
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Phosphodiester bonds
Phosphodiester bonds
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DNA structure
DNA structure
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Base pairing rules
Base pairing rules
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Amino acids
Amino acids
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Protein structure levels
Protein structure levels
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Denaturation
Denaturation
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Study Notes
Biology: The Study of Life
- Biology is the study of life
- Seven characteristics of life
- Cellular organization: All living things are composed of one or more cells.
- Ordered complexity: Living things have a complex, hierarchical structure.
- Sensitivity: Living things respond to stimuli.
- Growth, development, and reproduction: Living things grow, develop and reproduce.
- Energy utilization: Living things take in and use energy.
- Homeostasis: Living things maintain a stable internal environment.
- Evolutionary adaptation: Living things evolve over time.
- Scientific method
- Observation
- Hypothesis formation
- Prediction
- Experimentation
- Conclusion
- Hypothesis: A possible explanation for an observation
The Scientific Method
- Variable: A factor that influences the experiment
- Control group: Variable of interest is kept constant
- Experimental group: Variable of interest is altered
- Variable in a good experiment must only test one variable at a time.
Charles Darwin
- Wrote "On the Origin of Species by the Means of Natural Selection"
- Observed finches in the Galapagos Islands and realized that they were similar but suited for their environments
- Proposed the mechanism for evolution: natural selection
Natural Selection
- Advantageous traits will be naturally selected for
- Organisms with advantageous traits survive and pass these traits to offspring
- Organisms with less advantageous traits will not survive and pass traits to their offspring.
Artificial Selection
- Advantageous traits are selected for artificially (e.g., dog breeders)
Evidence Supporting Evolution
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Fossil record: Transitional forms found at predicted positions in time
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Earth's age: Earth is very old, allowing time for evolution
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Mechanism for heredity: Mechanism for how traits are inherited. (Mendellian genetics)
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Comparative anatomy: Homologous structures have same evolutionary origin but different structure or function. Analogous structures have same function but different evolutionary origin.
Core Concepts in Biology
- Life is subject to chemical and physical laws
- Structure determines function
The Nature of Molecules and Properties of Water
-
Matter has mass and occupies space
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Matter is composed of atoms
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Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons and electrons
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Protons: positively charged
-
Neutrons: neutral (not charged)
-
Electrons: negatively charged.
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4 common elements in living things: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), and Nitrogen (N)
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Each element represents an atom with a specific number of protons.
-
For each element, ALWAYS ASSUME THE CHARGE IS NEUTRAL UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED! (# of protons = # of electrons)
Atoms
- Atomic #: The number of protons
- Atomic mass: The number of protons + the number of neutrons.
- Example using Oxygen: 8 protons, 8 electrons, 8 neutrons (Atomic mass of ~16) as protons and neutrons are rounded to whole number
Isotopes
- Same number of protons, but different number of neutrons.
lons
- Same number of protons, but different number of electrons. This gives the atom a charge. - Cation (positive charge) - Anion (negative charge)
Electron Location
- Electrons are found in orbitals around the nucleus in energy levels
- The farther away from the nucleus, the more energy found in that energy level
- Each orbital holds 2 electrons
Molecules and Compounds
- Molecule: Groups of atoms held together by chemical bonds
- Compound: Molecules containing more than one type of element
Chemical Bonds
- Ionic bonds: atoms do not share electrons; and attraction of oppositely charged ions.
- Covalent bonds: atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
- Polar covalent bonds: unequal sharing
- Nonpolar covalent bonds: equal sharing
Chemical Reactions
- Formation or breaking of chemical bonds
- Reactants: Starting materials on the left-hand side of the reaction
- Products: Resulting materials on the right-hand side of the reaction
Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
- Oxidation: Loss of electrons
- Reduction: Gain of electrons
Water
- Polar molecule: Unequal sharing of electrons, giving partial positive and negative charges.
- Hydrogen bonds: Partial positive charges on hydrogen atoms are attracted to the partial negative charges on oxygen atoms
Water Properties
- Cohesion: Water molecules are attracted to one another
- Adhesion: Water molecules are attracted to other polar molecules
- Water is a great solvent
- Dissolves polar molecules and ions
- Non-polar molecules are not dissolved in water
Strength of Chemical Bonds
- Strongest: Covalent bonds
- Medium: lonic bonds
- Weakest: Hydrogen bonds
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of biology, including the seven characteristics of life, from cellular organization to evolutionary adaptation. Learn about the scientific method, encompassing observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation, and conclusion. Understand variables, control groups, and experimental setups.
