Biology Terms and Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of a sessile organism?

  • An organism that moves freely
  • An organism that can only move short distances
  • An organism that cannot move (correct)
  • An organism that can only move in water

What is the definition of an obligate aerobe organism?

  • An organism that dies in the presence of oxygen
  • An organism that requires a specific type of oxygen
  • An organism that can survive with or without oxygen
  • An organism that can only survive in the presence of oxygen (correct)

What is the definition of a facultative aerobe organism?

  • An organism that can survive with or without oxygen (correct)
  • An organism that can only survive in the presence of oxygen
  • An organism that requires a specific type of oxygen
  • An organism that dies in the presence of oxygen

What is the definition of a protosome organism?

<p>An organism that has a mouth that forms before the anus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a deuterstome organism?

<p>An organism that has an anus that forms before the mouth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of an endotherm organism?

<p>An organism that regulates its own body temperature through metabolic processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a prokaryotic cell?

<p>A cell that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of eubacteria?

<p>Prokaryotic cells that are found in a wide range of environments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of archea?

<p>Prokaryotic cells that are only found in extreme environments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does mitosis occur in the body?

<p>Throughout the body, including the reproductive organs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are identical twins formed?

<p>When one egg is fertilized by one sperm and the zygote splits into two embryos (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are fraternal twins formed?

<p>When two eggs are fertilized by two different sperm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does DNA stand for?

<p>Deoxyribonucleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of a monocot?

<p>Vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a fibrous root system?

<p>A root system made of many small branching roots (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a tap root system?

<p>A root system composed of a large thick root (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of an adventitious root system?

<p>A root system that develops from the stem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of passive transport?

<p>Movement of substances across a cell membrane that does not require energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of primary succession?

<p>Ecological succession that occurs in an area that is completely barren and lacking soil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of secondary succession?

<p>Ecological succession that occurs in a previously inhabited area that has been disturbed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is positive phototropism?

<p>The growth of a plant in response to light (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is negative thigmotropism?

<p>The growth of a plant in response to touch (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a chromosome?

<p>A structure made of DNA and protein that carries genetic information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a haploid cell?

<p>A cell that has one copy of each chromosome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are gametes?

<p>Specialized cells that are responsible for reproduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are somatic cells?

<p>Specialized cells that are involved in growth and repair (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a gene?

<p>A segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are homologous chromosomes?

<p>Matching pairs of chromosomes that carry genes for the same traits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are sister chromatids?

<p>Identical copies of chromatids that are attached to each other (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of ribosomes?

<p>To make proteins by joining amino acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Lamarck known for in the field of biology?

<p>Developing the theory of evolution by acquired traits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Sir Charles Lyell's main contribution to the understanding of the Earth?

<p>Advocating for uniformitarianism, the idea that geological processes have changed gradually over time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Cuvier known for in the field of paleontology?

<p>His theory of catastrophism, which explained the extinction of species (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Erasmus Darwin's contribution to the theory of evolution?

<p>He proposed that species could change over time and descend from a common ancestor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Buffon known for in the field of natural history?

<p>His studies on animal anatomy and their similarities and differences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Darwin's theory of natural selection?

<p>The idea that populations produce more offspring than can survive, and those with favorable traits are more likely to reproduce and pass on those traits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

sessile

organism cannot move

motile

organism can move

obligate aerobe

organism requires oxygen to survive

facultative aerobe

organism can survive with or without oxygen

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protostome

mouth forms before the anus, e.g., tapeworm

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deuterostome

anus forms before the mouth, e.g., humans

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endotherm

warm-blooded animal, maintains internal body temperature

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ectotherm

animal dependent on external body heat

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prokaryotic cell

no nucleus, lacks membrane-bound organelles, no mitochondria, single-celled

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eukaryotic cell

nucleus, has membrane-bound organelles, mitochondria, uni- or multicellular

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eubacteria

prokaryotic, e.g., Salmonella

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archea

prokaryotic, found in extreme environments

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mitosis

cell division that occurs everywhere in the body except reproductive organs

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meiosis

cell division that occurs only in reproductive organs

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identical twins

one zygote splits and forms two embryos

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fraternal twins

each egg is fertilized by a different sperm

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DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid, carries genetic information

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Monocot

vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem's ground tissue

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Eudicot

vascular bundles form a ring in the stem

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fibrous root system

root system with many small branching roots

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tap root system

root system with one large thick root and smaller lateral roots

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adventitious root system

roots that develop from other than the root apical meristem, provides additional support

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passive transport

transport of minerals and water without using energy, through osmosis, diffusion, evaporation, and mass flow

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active transport

transport that requires energy from the cell to move particles against the flow

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primary succession

succession in an area with no plants, animals, or soil, soil is absent at the beginning

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secondary succession

succession in a previously inhabited area that has been disturbed, soil is present

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positive phototropism

plant growth towards light

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positive gravitropism

roots growing in the direction of gravity

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negative thigmotropism

plant response to touch or physical contact by turning away

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, contains genetic information

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chromosome

structures containing genetic information in the form of genes

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haploid

having 23 chromosomes, found in gametes (sex cells)

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diploid

having 46 chromosomes, found in somatic cells (all cells except gametes)

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gamete

mature haploid cell involved in reproduction

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somatic cell

any cell other than a reproductive cell

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gene

unit of heredity, responsible for a specific trait

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homologous chromosomes

matching pairs of chromosomes, one from each parent

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sister chromatids

identical copies of a chromosome, created during replication

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ribosomes

synthesize proteins by joining amino acids

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Lamarckism

traits acquired during an organism's lifetime are inherited by offspring

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Uniformitarianism (Lyell)

geological processes occur at the same rate today as throughout history

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Catastrophism (Cuvier)

extinctions occur due to sudden catastrophic events

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Erasmus Darwin

species can change over time, all life descends from a common ancestor

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Buffon

compared animal anatomy and suggested common descent

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Darwin and Natural Selection

natural selection: populations produce more offspring than can survive, individuals with advantageous traits survive and reproduce more, these traits become more common in future generations

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Study Notes

Biology Terms and Concepts

  • Sessile: An organism that cannot move.
  • Motile: An organism that can move.
  • Obligate Aerobe: An organism that requires oxygen to survive.
  • Facultative Aerobe: An organism that can survive with or without oxygen.
  • Protosome: An animal in which the mouth develops before the anus (e.g., tapeworm).
  • Deuterostome: An animal in which the anus develops before the mouth (e.g., humans).
  • Endotherm: A warm-blooded animal.
  • Ectotherm: An animal that relies on external sources of heat for body temperature regulation.
  • Prokaryotic Cells: Cells lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; single-celled.
  • Eukaryotic Cells: Cells containing a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; uni or multicellular.
  • Eubacteria: Prokaryotic cells, including examples like Salmonella.
  • Archaea: Prokaryotic cells, often found in extreme environments.
  • Mitosis: Cell division that occurs throughout the body, except in reproductive organs.
  • Meiosis: Cell division that occurs only in reproductive organs.
  • Identical Twins: Develop from a single zygote that splits into two embryos.
  • Fraternal Twins: Result from the fertilization of two different eggs by two different sperm.
  • DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, the genetic material.
  • Monocot: Plant with vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem.
  • Eudicot: Plant with vascular bundles forming a ring.
  • Fibrous Root System: A root system with numerous small branching roots; primarily seen in monocots.
  • Taproot System: A root system with a large, thick main root and smaller lateral roots; common in gymnosperms and eudicots.
  • Adventitious Root System: Roots that develop from sources other than the root apical meristem.
  • Passive Transport: Movement of minerals and water without energy expenditure; examples include osmosis, diffusion, and evaporation.
  • Active Transport: Movement of materials against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
  • Primary Succession: Ecological succession in areas lacking plants, animals, or soil.
  • Secondary Succession: Ecological succession in previously inhabited areas that have been disturbed.
  • Positive Phototropism: Plant growth towards light.
  • Positive Gravitropism: Plant roots growing in the direction of gravity.
  • Negative Thigmotropism: Plant growth away from touch or physical contact.
  • Chromosome: A threadlike structure containing genetic information (genes).
  • Haploid: A cell with half the number of chromosomes (23 in humans).
  • Diploid: A cell with the full number of chromosomes (46 in humans).
  • Gametes: Mature haploid reproductive cells.
  • Somatic Cells: Any cell in the body other than a gamete.
  • Gene: A segment of DNA that carries hereditary information.
  • Homologous Chromosomes: Matching pairs of chromosomes.
  • Sister Chromatids: Identical copies of a chromosome.
  • Ribosomes: Cellular structures that synthesize proteins by assembling amino acids.
  • Lamarck's Theory: Traits acquired during an organism's lifetime can be inherited.
  • Sir Charles Lyell: Proposed uniformitarianism, emphasizing slow geological processes.
  • Cuvier: Advocated catastrophism, the idea that extinctions were caused by catastrophic events.
  • Erasmus Darwin: Proposed that life could change over time and that all life descended from a common ancestor.
  • Buffon: Compared animal anatomy to support the idea of change over time.
  • Darwin-Natural Selection: Explains the process of evolution through: 1) More offspring than can survive, 2) Favorable heritable traits, 3) Increased frequency of favorable traits in future generations.

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Test your knowledge of key biology terms and concepts related to organisms and their cellular structures. This quiz covers definitions and classifications, including sessile vs motile, aerobic types, and cell types. Perfect for biology students wanting to solidify their understanding.

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