Biology: Surface Area and Cell Cycle

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Questions and Answers

What is the main advantage of a cell having a higher surface area to volume ratio (SA:V)?

  • It allows for faster nutrient uptake and waste removal. (correct)
  • It helps the cell to maintain a constant internal temperature.
  • It makes the cell more resistant to damage.
  • It increases the cell's ability to store energy.

As a cell grows larger, what happens to its surface area to volume ratio?

  • The ratio increases.
  • The ratio remains constant.
  • The ratio decreases. (correct)
  • The ratio fluctuates depending on the cell type.

Which of the following is NOT a problem caused by a cell continuing to grow in size without dividing?

  • Greater demand for resources.
  • Decreased efficiency of nutrient uptake.
  • Increased rate of waste removal. (correct)
  • Reduced efficiency of DNA replication.

What is the primary reason why cells undergo cell division?

<p>To maintain an optimal surface area to volume ratio. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process solves the surface area to volume ratio and cell demands issues?

<p>Cell Division (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chromosomes?

<p>Store and transmit genetic information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following increases faster as a cell grows?

<p>Volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the process of cell growth and division called a 'cycle'?

<p>Because it is a continuous and repeating process. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

<p>Interphase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the nuclear envelope during prophase?

<p>It dissolves, allowing spindle fibers to access the chromosomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cell membrane?

<p>To regulate the movement of materials into and out of the cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes align at the center of the cell?

<p>Metaphase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is responsible for attaching to and separating sister chromatids during anaphase?

<p>Spindle fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between anaphase and telophase?

<p>Anaphase involves chromosome separation, while telophase involves the formation of new nuclear envelopes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of cytokinesis in the cell cycle?

<p>It separates the cytoplasm and organelles into two daughter cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main macromolecules that make up a chromosome?

<p>DNA and proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of the cell cycle does the cell grow and produce new organelles?

<p>G1 phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event occurs during the S phase of interphase?

<p>DNA is replicated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stages is not part of interphase?

<p>Metaphase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of stages in mitosis?

<p>Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?

<p>Mitosis divides the nucleus, while cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the surface area to volume ratio (SA:V) of daughter cells compared to the parent cell?

<p>Daughter cells have a higher SA:V ratio because they are smaller. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of spindle fibers during mitosis?

<p>To attach to the centromeres of chromosomes and separate sister chromatids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do animal and plant cells differ during cytokinesis?

<p>Animal cells form a cleavage furrow, while plant cells develop a cell plate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason cancer cells can be difficult to treat compared to bacterial infections?

<p>Cancer cells closely resemble normal human cells, hindering targeted therapies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cyclin in the cell cycle?

<p>Cyclin helps regulate the timing and progression of the cell cycle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a malignant tumor?

<p>Usually encapsulated and does not metastasize. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a defect in DNA ultimately lead to uncontrolled cell growth in cancer?

<p>DNA defects lead to the production of abnormal proteins, which can disrupt cell cycle regulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

<p>Prokaryotes divide for reproduction, while eukaryotes divide for growth and repair. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Surface Area

The outside covering of an object.

Volume

The amount of space inside an object.

SA:V Ratio

The ratio of surface area to volume in a cell.

Preferred SA:V Ratio

Cells prefer a larger surface area relative to volume.

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Cell Growth Effect

As a cell grows, the SA:V ratio decreases.

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Cell Division

The process that solves SA:V ratio problems by creating smaller cells.

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Efficiency of Transport

Decreases as cell size increases due to lower SA:V ratio.

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Cell Cycle

A series of events in a cell as it grows and divides.

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Cancer

A disorder with uncontrolled cell growth due to cell cycle regulation failure.

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Cell Cycle and Cancer

Defects in DNA cause errors in proteins, leading to uncontrolled progression through the cell cycle.

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Cyclin

A protein that regulates the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.

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Tumors

Masses of cells that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous and invasive).

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Cancer Treatment Difficulty

Cancer cells are similar to normal cells, making targeted treatment challenging without harming healthy cells.

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Chromosomes

Structures made of DNA and proteins that carry genetic information.

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Centromere

The region of a chromosome where sister chromatids are joined.

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Sister chromatids

Identical copies of a chromosome, formed after DNA replication.

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Interphase

The phase where the cell prepares for division, grows, and replicates DNA.

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Prophase

The phase where the nuclear envelope breaks down and spindles form.

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Metaphase

The phase where chromosomes align in the middle of the cell, attached to spindle fibers.

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Anaphase

The phase where sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.

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Cytokinesis

The final division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two separate cells.

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G1 Phase

The phase where the cell grows in size and synthesizes proteins and organelles.

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S Phase

The phase where DNA is synthesized and chromosomes are replicated.

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G2 Phase

The phase where organelles and molecules needed for cell division are produced.

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M Phase

The phase of cell division including mitosis and cytokinesis.

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Stages of Mitosis

The stages include Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT).

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Mitosis vs Cytokinesis

Mitosis is the division of the nucleus, whereas cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm.

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Spindle Fibers Function

Spindle fibers attach to centromeres and help separate sister chromatids during mitosis.

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Study Notes

Surface Area and Volume

  • Surface area is the outer covering of an object.
  • Volume is the amount of space inside an object.
  • A cell's surface is the cell membrane.
  • A cell's volume is the cytoplasm and organelles inside the membrane.
  • Cells prefer a high surface area to volume ratio.
  • A higher surface area to volume ratio allows for faster transport of materials across the cell membrane.
  • As a cell grows, its volume increases faster than its surface area.
  • This results in a decreasing surface area to volume ratio.
  • Decreasing efficiency of transport happens as cells get larger.
  • Cells must divide to maintain efficiency and address issues of growth.

Cell Cycle

  • The cell cycle is a series of events that take place as a cell grows and divides.
  • Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases.
  • G1- the cell grows in size and makes proteins/organelles
  • S- DNA is synthesized as chromosomes are replicated.
  • G2- Organelles and molecules needed for cell division are made.
  • The M phase (cell division) includes mitosis and cytokinesis.
  • Mitosis- division of the nucleus
  • Cytokinesis- division of the cytoplasm and full division of the 2 cells
  • Plant and animal cells differ in cytokinesis.
  • Animal cells form a cleavage furrow.
  • Plant cells form a cell plate.
  • Chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins.
  • They hold the genetic information needed to make proteins.
  • Spindle fibers organize division by anchoring to centromeres.

Cancer

  • Cancer is a disorder where cells lose the ability to control the cell cycle.
  • Cancer leads to uncontrolled cell growth and division.
  • Cancer cells are similar to normal cells, making them hard to target without harming healthy cells.

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