Module 6 Cell Growth and Division Review Sheet PDF
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This document is a review sheet for a biology module covering cell growth and division. It includes questions and explanations about surface area to volume ratio, the cell cycle, mitosis, and cytokinesis. The document is likely intended for secondary school or high school students.
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Module 6: Cell Growth and Division Review Sheet 6.1: Surface Area and Volume 1. What is surface area? What is volume? Surface area= the outside covering of an object Volume= the amount of space inside the object; the amount of space the object takes ...
Module 6: Cell Growth and Division Review Sheet 6.1: Surface Area and Volume 1. What is surface area? What is volume? Surface area= the outside covering of an object Volume= the amount of space inside the object; the amount of space the object takes up a. For a cell, what structure makes up the surface area? The volume?A cell’s s urface is the cell membrane, and the volume (inside) is made of cytoplasm and organelles. 2. What surface area to volume ratios do cells prefer? Why? Larger surface area relative to volume (a larger or higher ratio). Increase the rate/space for moving materials across the membrane. a. Which SA:V ratio would be best for a cell- 16:1, 3:1, or 1:6? 16:1 is the best (highest) ratio. 16 units of surface area for every one unit of volume is much better than 1:6, one unit of surface area for 6 units of volume. 3. As a cell continues to grow: a. What happens to the SA:V ratio?ratio decreases(ex: 6:1 vs 2:1) b. Which increases faster, surface area or volume?volume increases faster than s urface area c. What happens to the efficiency of cell transport?Efficiency decreases as size increases d. What problems are caused by a cell continuing to grow? Trouble moving enough materials across the cell membrane More demand for DNA More need for food and oxygen because it uses these faster 4. The amount and rate of waste production of a cell, as well as the amount of nutrients required to survive, is dependent on what? The cell’s volume (the amount of space it takes up) 5. The surface area to volume ratio and cell demands issues are solved by the cell doing what process? How does this process solve the problem? Cell Division (Mitosis)- By dividing a large cell into 2 smaller cells, the SA:V ratio of the daughter cells increases. 6.2: Cell Cycle & Cell Division 1. Why is it called the cell “cycle”? Series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides, it is a cycle because the daughter cells formed in cell division then follow the same steps 2. Label the diagram with the stages of the cell cycle. Summarize what occurs during each s tage.Know which stages are part of Interphase andwhich are part of cell division/M Phase; be able to list the stages in order. - Interphase-G1, S and G2. When the cell prepares for division. ( see below for more information) -G1- the cell grows in size and -Cytokinesis-division of makes proteins/organelles cytoplasm, cell separation -S-DNA is synthesized as G1 chromosomes are replicated. -G2- Organelles and molecules hase p Mitosis S eeded for cell division are n phase made. -M Phase/Cell Division G2 -Mitosis-division of the nucleus phase 3. What are the stages of cell division? List them in the correct order.Mitosis [PMAT= Prophase, metaphase, ,anaphase, telophase] and then cytokinesis 4. How are mitosis and cytokinesis different? Mitosis is the division of the nucleus and genetic material. Cytokinesis started before mitosis is complete, and it divides the cytoplasm and organelles to make 2 new cells. 5. How many chromosomes will new daughter cells have compared to the parent cell? How will SA:V ratio compare to the parent cell? Daughter cells will have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Daughter cells will have higher surface area to volume ratio than the parent cell. 6. What is the function of spindle fibers during mitosis? ttaches to the centromeres of chromosomes to help separate the sister chromatids A and move them to opposite poles of the cell, organized/directed by the centrioles. 7. How do plant and animal cells differ during cell division? Animal cells form a cleavage furrow during cytokinesis and plant cells develop a cell plate (the new cell wall) during cytokinesis 8. What are chromosomes, and what two macromolecules are they made of? What information do they hold? A structure of tightly wound DNA wrapped around proteins. Carries all of the genetic information (instructions for cells to make proteins) a. On a chromosome, label centromere, chromatid, and sister chromatids: Centromere Sister chromatid Duplicated chromatid chromosome Sister 9. In the table below write the name of the phase and summarize what occurs during this phase.Label/be familiar with the structures presentduring each phase. P hase Summary Interphase 1, S and G2. When the cell prepares for G division bygrowingandmakingorganellesand replicating DNA Prophase Nuclear envelope breaks down. Spindles form and extend from centrioles Chromosomes condense fully Metaphase Spindle fibers connect to centromeres Chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell Anaphase S ister chromatids separate and move away from each other towards opposite poles of the cell Telophase Nuclear envelope reforms Spindles disappear Chromosomes unwind Cytokinesis ivision of the cytoplasm and full division on D the 2 cells. See question above for plant vs animal cell 6.3: Cancer 1. Define cancer. A disorder where some cells have lost the ability to control the cell cycle, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and division 2. How is cancer connected to cell cycle? Which phase(s) of the cell cycle would a cancer cell spend most of its time in? The cell cycle is regulated by different proteins -> proteins are made using instructions from genes/DNA -> specific defects in DNA lead to mistakes in specific proteins -> cell can’t regulate the cell cycle T his results in cells passing their G and S stage checkpoints even if there are issues, leading to mutated genes (like those controlling growth rate) going through cell division, s o the cell spends less time in interphase. 3. Define the protein cyclin. What is it responsible for? A protein used to help regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells. 4. Masses of cancer are called? What are the two types? Tumors: Benign(non-cancerous, does not spread) andmalignant(cancerous, fast-growing and may invade surrounding tissue) 5. Why would cancer be more difficult to treat or cure than a disease caused by bacteria? Cancer cells are more similar to the rest of the human cells! Medicines can target bacteria because they are very different from our cells, but it’s hard to target and kill cancer cells without killing healthy cells. emember: R P rokaryotesperform cell division forreproduction. Eukaryotesperform cell division forgrowthand torepair damage.
