Biology: Subatomic Particles and Metabolism

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary distinction between catabolism and anabolism?

Catabolism is a type of synthesis reaction, whereas anabolism is decomposition.

Catabolism involves reactions that break down substances, while anabolism builds them up. (correct)

Catabolism uses energy, while anabolism releases energy.

Catabolism occurs exclusively in cellular respiration, while anabolism occurs outside of cells.

Which substance serves as a buffer in the body by minimizing pH changes?

Bicarbonate (HCO3-) (correct)

Acetic acid

Sodium chloride

Hydrochloric acid

Which of the following accurately describes an ionic bond?

A weak bond that occurs between hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

A bond between molecules that creates a temporary dipole.

A bond formed between charged particles that have gained or lost electrons. (correct)

A bond formed when atoms share electrons.

What type of reaction is hydrolysis characterized as?

Decomposition Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of acids in the body?

They release H+ ions and have a low pH. Signup and view all the answers

In what way do anabolism and dehydration synthesis differ from catabolism and hydrolysis?

Anabolism and dehydration synthesis involve energy use, while catabolism and hydrolysis result in energy release. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'electrolyte' refer to?

A substance that conducts an electrical current due to the presence of ions. Signup and view all the answers

Which two elements are present in all organic compounds?

Carbon and hydrogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

Assembles and packages proteins Signup and view all the answers

What happens to enzymes when exposed to extreme pH levels?

They are denatured Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transport requires energy to move substances across a cell membrane?

Active transport Signup and view all the answers

What type of solution causes a red blood cell to lose water and shrivel?

Hypertonic solution Signup and view all the answers

What makes up a nucleotide?

Sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of increasing the temperature on enzyme activity?

Denatures the enzyme Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular structure is involved in synthesizing ribosomes?

Nucleolus Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond is primarily responsible for the structure of proteins?

Hydrogen bonds Signup and view all the answers

What component of a cell is primarily responsible for increasing surface area for absorption?

Microvilli Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

Detoxification and lipid synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cilia in epithelial tissue?

To propel substances along the surface Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelium typically contains microvilli for absorption?

Simple columnar epithelium Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the arrector pili muscle in hair follicles?

To make hair stand on end Signup and view all the answers

Which component of skin primarily provides cushioning and insulation?

Hypodermis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of serous membrane directly covers the surface of organs?

Visceral Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when liquid particles are engulfed by a cell?

Pinocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the copying of DNA?

Replication Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue type covers body surfaces and forms glands?

Epithelial Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue type is characterized by having a rich supply of blood vessels?

Connective Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue type can conduct electrical impulses?

Nervous Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is primarily found in the hypodermis below the skin?

Adipose Signup and view all the answers

What structure is identified as the base layer attached to underlying tissues in epithelial tissue?

Basement membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal characteristic of extracellular matrix in connective tissue?

It has large amounts of fibers and ground substance Signup and view all the answers

Which type of membrane lines the body cavities and their organs?

Serous Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue is described as having fibers that allow them to contract?

Muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of the mitochondria?

Aeroic phases of cellular respiration to make ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of ribosomes within a cell?

Synthesis of proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is known as the control center of the cell?

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Which polysaccharide is primarily used for energy storage in animals?

Glycogen Signup and view all the answers

What type of lipid is phospholipid classified as?

Lipid Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fatty acid contains at least one double bond in its structure?

Unsaturated fatty acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the lysosome in the cell?

Breaking down waste Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes microvilli?

Organelles that increase surface area for absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the cell is semipermeable and composed of phospholipids and proteins?

Plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

What are amino acids linked together to form?

Proteins Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Subatomic Particles

Electrons are negatively charged particles found in the orbital of an atom
Protons are positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom
Neutrons are neutral particles found in the nucleus of an atom
The number of electrons determines the reactivity of an atom

The Body: Elements and Compounds

Water is the most abundant compound in the body
Chemical reactions in the body involve the breaking and forming of bonds, for example, 2H₂O -> 2H₂ + O₂
Metabolism encompasses all the chemical reactions in the body

Catabolism

Catabolism is a type of metabolism that breaks down molecules
Examples of catabolic reactions: ATP to ADP + P, proteins to amino acids, glycogen to glucose
Energy is released during catabolism

Anabolism

Anabolism is a type of metabolism that builds up molecules
Examples of anabolic reactions: amino acids build proteins, glucose builds glycogen
Energy is used during anabolism

Dehydration Synthesis

Dehydration synthesis is a type of anabolic reaction that removes water to form a bond
Examples of dehydration synthesis: amino acids build proteins, glucose builds glycogen

Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis is a type of catabolic reaction that adds water to break a bond
Examples of hydrolysis: proteins to amino acids, glycogen to glucose

Types of Bonds

Ionic bonds form between charged particles (ions) that have lost or gained electrons
Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons
Hydrogen bonds are intermolecular attractions between a negative atom in one molecule and a hydrogen in another
Electrolytes conduct a current because they contain ions

Acids and Bases

Bases are alkaline solutions with higher pH, a predominance of OH- ions, and a bitter taste
Acids contain a high concentration of H+ ions, have a low pH, and are sour tasting

Acids in the body

Acids found in the body include gastric juice (hydrochloric acid), lactic acid, vaginal fluid, and sweat
The pH of living cells is slightly basic, ranging from 7.35 to 7.45

Buffers

Buffers minimize changes in pH by donating or accepting H+ ions
Bicarbonate (HCO3-) is a key buffer in the body

Organic Compounds

All organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen

Polymers and Monomers

Monomers are the building blocks of polymers
Fatty acids and glycerol are the monomers of lipids
Monosaccharides are the monomers of carbohydrates
Glycogen is the stored form of carbohydrates in the liver and muscles
Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids
Amino acids are the monomers of proteins

Proteins

Proteins provide structure for tissues and act as enzymes
Breaking hydrogen bonds between proteins can lead to denaturation

Enzyme Activity

Changes in pH or the addition of ionic substances can denature enzymes by breaking hydrogen bonds, rendering them inactive
Increasing temperature speeds up enzymatic reactions, but excessive heat can denature enzymes
Decreasing temperature slows down enzymatic reactions

Cell Anatomy and Function

Microvilli increase surface area for absorption
The plasma membrane controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell
The Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins for secretion
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) synthesizes lipids and detoxifies substances
Centrioles form the mitotic spindle during cell division
Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis
The rough ER synthesizes membrane components and modifies proteins
The nucleolus synthesizes ribosomes
DNA exists primarily as chromatin, a loose form of DNA within the nucleus

Types of Transport

Active transport requires energy
Passive transport does not require energy

Active Transport

Active transport mechanisms include solute pumping and bulk transport
Endocytosis is the active uptake of large amounts of materials
Exocytosis is the active removal of large amounts of solid materials
Filtration requires a hydrostatic pressure difference
The sodium/potassium pump is a crucial example of a solute pump

Solutions

Hypertonic solutions have a higher concentration of dissolved solutes than the cell
Hypotonic solutions have a lower concentration of dissolved solutes than the cell
A red blood cell placed in a hypertonic solution will lose water and shrink (crenate)
Diffusion is the movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Phagocytosis is the engulfing of solid particles
Pinocytosis is the engulfing of liquid particles

DNA Processes

Replication is the process of DNA copying itself
Transcription is the process of mRNA copying DNA
Translation is the process of protein synthesis at the ribosome

Tissue Types

The four basic tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve tissue
Connective tissue is the most common type of tissue
Muscle tissue cells shorten to generate force
Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and forms glands
Connective tissue joins cells and tissues, transports substances, and provides structural support
Nervous tissue transmits electrochemical impulses

Tissue Properties

Connective tissue features a large amount of extracellular matrix
Epithelial tissue has a basement membrane that anchors it to underlying tissue
Connective tissue is well-vascularized
Epithelial tissue is avascular
Muscle tissue contains fibers that allow it to contract
Nervous tissue can conduct electrical currents

Connective Tissue Examples

Adipose tissue, bone, and cartilage are all types of connective tissue

Nervous Tissue

Nervous tissue contains neurons, functional cells that respond to changes in their surroundings

Matrix

The matrix of connective tissue is composed of ground substance and fibers

Epithelial Tissue Examples

Stratified squamous epithelium forms the outer layer of skin
Dense fibrous irregular connective tissue is located below the basement membranes of most epithelial tissues
Areolar connective tissue forms the basement membrane

Membranes

Serous membranes line the ventral body cavities and their organs
Simple squamous epithelium makes up serous membranes
The visceral layer of a serous membrane touches the organ surface
The parietal layer of a serous membrane is the outer membrane
The pleura surrounds the lungs
The pericardium surrounds the heart
The peritoneum lines the abdominopelvic cavity

Cellular Projections

Cilia propel substances along the cell's surface and can be found, for example, on pseudostratified epithelium in the upper respiratory tract
Microvilli increase surface area for absorption and are found, for example, on simple columnar epithelium in the intestine

Human Anatomy: Skin

The arector pili muscle contracts to make hair stand on end
Blood vessels within the dermis and hypodermis provide oxygen and nutrients and remove waste
Adipose tissue in the hypodermis provides cushioning and insulation
Hair sits inside a hair follicle and is formed above the hair papilla at the base
The eccrine sweat gland produces sweat to cool the body and remove waste
The hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) binds the skin to underlying tissues
The dermis is the generally thickest layer of skin, composed of dense fibrous irregular connective tissue, and containing blood vessels, nerves, and sensory receptors
The epidermis is the superficial layer of skin, lacks blood vessels, and is composed of stratified squamous epithelium
The duct of the sweat gland carries sweat to the surface of the skin
The sweat pore is the opening on the skin's surface where sweat exits
The hair shaft is the external part of the hair, made of three layers: inner medulla, cortex, and outer cuticle
The sebaceous gland secretes sebum (oil) to lubricate the skin and hair

Organic Molecules

Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose), Disaccharides (e.g., sucrose, lactose), Polysaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose)
Lipids: Fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated), Glycerides (e.g., triglycerides, phospholipids), Steroids (e.g., cholesterol, testosterone)
Proteins: Amino acids, Polypeptides
Nucleic acids: Nucleotides (e.g., ATP), DNA, RNA

Cell Anatomy

Chromatin: DNA in its loose, uncondensed form
Nucleolus: Site of ribosome synthesis
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Site of lipid metabolism and detoxification
Cytosol: Fluid within the cell, surrounding the organelles
Lysosome: Breaks down cellular waste and debris
Mitochondria: Site of cellular respiration, producing ATP (energy)
Centriole: Involved in cell division, forming the spindle fibers
Cilia: Hair-like structures that move substances along the cell surface
Microvilli: Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption
Microtubules: Part of the cytoskeleton, providing structural support
Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins
Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Involved in protein synthesis and modification
Plasma Membrane: Semi-permeable outer boundary of the cell, regulating what enters and exits
Nucleus: Contains genetic information (DNA) and acts as the cell's control center
Nuclear Envelope: Membrane surrounding the nucleus, regulating entry and exit of molecules

Fatty Acids

Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms, causing them to be bent or kinked
Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms, resulting in a straight chain structure

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Description

This quiz covers fundamental concepts in biology, focusing on subatomic particles, metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism. Test your understanding of how these processes influence the structure and function of living organisms. Dive into the roles of electrons, protons, and the biochemical reactions that sustain life.