Biology Notes - Chemistry Study Guide PDF

# Biology Notes ## Chemistry ### Subatomic Particles 1. 3 subatomic particles, locations, charges - Electron- orbital-negative - Proton- nucleus- positive - Neutron-nucleus- neutral 2. Subatomic particle that determines reactivity: **electron** ### The Body: Elements and Compounds 3....

# Biology Notes ## Chemistry ### Subatomic Particles 1. 3 subatomic particles, locations, charges - Electron- orbital-negative - Proton- nucleus- positive - Neutron-nucleus- neutral 2. Subatomic particle that determines reactivity: **electron** ### The Body: Elements and Compounds 3. Most abundant compound in the body: **water** 4. 2H₂O -> 2H₂ + O₂ is a **reaction**. 5. What is metabolism? **All of the reactions in the body** ### Types of Reactions 6. What is catabolism? - Reactions that break things down-decomposition. - Examples: - ATP to ADP + P, proteins to amino acids, glycogen to glucose - Is energy used or released? **Released** 7. What is anabolism? - Reactions that make things - synthesis. - Examples: - Amino acids build proteins, glucose builds glycogen - Is energy used or released? **Used** 8. What is dehydration synthesis? - Removal of water to form a bond. - What type of reaction is it? **Anabolic-synthesis** - Examples: - Amino acids build proteins, glucose builds glycogen 9. What is hydrolysis? - Adding water back in to break a bond. - What type of reaction is it? **Catabolic, decomposition** - Examples: - proteins to amino acids, glycogen to glucose ### Types of Bonds 10. What is an ionic bond? - A bond formed between charged particles (ions) that have lost or gained electrons 11. What is a covalent bond? - A bond formed when atoms share electrons 12. What is a hydrogen bond? - An intermolecular attraction between a negative atom in one molecule to a hydrogen in another. 13. What is an electrolyte? - A substance that conducts a current because there are ions present 14. A reaction that puts things together: **synthesis** ### Acids and Bases 15. Characteristics of a base - High pH, OH- ions, bitter 16. Bases in the body: - Semen, blood (slightly) 17. Characteristics of an acid: - Low pH, H+ ions, sour, proton donor ### Acids in the Body 18. Acids in the body: - gastric juice (hydrochloric acid in stomach), lactic acid, vaginal fluid, sweat 19. pH of living cells: **7.35-7.45** ### Acids and Bases, pH 20. More OH- ions than H+ ions: **Base** 21. More H+ ions than OH- ions: **Acid** ### Buffers 22. What is a buffer? - A substance that minimizes pH change by donating or accepting H+ ions. - a. Ion that serves as a buffer? **Bicarbonate (HCO3-)** ### Organic Compounds 23. Two components of all organic compounds **hydrogen and carbon** ### Polymers and Monomers 24. Monomers of a lipid: **Fatty acids and glycerol** 25. Monomers of a carbohydrate: **Monosaccharide** 26. Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of... **Glycogen** 27. Monomers of nucleic acid: **Nucleotides** 28. Parts of a nucleotide: - Sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base 29. Monomers of protein: **Amino acid** ### Proteins 30. Compounds that serve as structures for tissue and act as enzymes: **Proteins** 31. If H+ bonds between proteins are broken, they are **denatured**. 32. What effect does changing the pH or adding an ionic substance have on an enzyme? - Breaks H+ bonds and denatures enzymes which inactivates them 33. What effect does temperature increase have on an enzyme? - Speeds reaction, particles move more quickly (have more kinetic energy), too much denatures 34. What effect does temperature decrease have on an enzyme? - Slows reaction, particles move more slowly (have less kinetic energy). ### Cell Anatomy and Function 35. Function of microvilli: **Increase surface area for absorption** 36. Function of the plasma membrane: **Allow or block passage of materia**ls 37. Organelle that assembles and packages protein to be secreted by the cell: **Golgi apparatus (body)** 38. Organelle that synthesizes lipids and detoxifies: **Smooth ER** 39. Organelles that form mitotic spindle: **Centrioles** 40. Organelle on which proteins are synthesized: **Ribosome** 41. Organelle that synthesizes membrane components: **Rough ER** 42. Organelle that makes ribosomes: **Nucleolus** 43. Form that DNA is in the majority of the time: **Chromatin** ### Types of Transport 44. Type of transport that requires energy: **Active** 45. Type of transport that does not require energy: **Passive** ### Active Transport 46. Two types of active transport: **Solute pumping, bulk transport** 47. Taking in of large amounts of materials actively: **Endocytosis** 48. Removing large amounts of solid materials actively: **Exocytosis** 49. Transport that requires a hydrostatic pressure difference: **Filtration** 50. An example of a solute pump: **Sodium/potassium pump** ### Solutions 51. A solution that has more dissolved solutes than the cell: **Hypertonic** 52. A solution that has more water than the cell: **Hypotonic** 53. A red blood cell placed in a solution of high salt content would... **Lose water and shrivel (crenate)** 54. Movement from an area of higher to lower concentration: **Diffusion** 55. Engulfing of solid particles: **Phagocytosis** 56. Engulfing of liquid particles: **Pinocytosis** 57. The process of DNA copying itself: **Replication** 58. The process of mRNA copying DNA: **Transcription** 59. The making of a protein at the ribosome: **Translation** ### Tissue Types 60. The four basic tissue types: **Epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve** 61. The most common of the four tissue types: **Connective** 62. The cells of this tissue shorten to exert force: **Muscle** 63. This tissue type cover body surfaces or forms glands: **Epithelial** 64. This tissue type have a free surface that is not in contact with other cells: **Epithelial** 65. This tissue type joins together cells and tissues and transports substances: **Connective** 66. This tissue type provides supporting framework for the body: **Connective** ### Tissue Properties 67. This tissue type is characterized by large amounts of extracellular matrix: **Connective** 68. This tissue type have a basement membrane that attaches to underlying: **Epithelial** 69. This tissue type have a rich supply of blood vessels in them: **Connective** 70. This tissue type do not have a direct blood supply: **Epithelial** 71. This tissue type have fibers that allow them to contract: **Muscle** 72. This tissue type can conduct an electrical current: **Nervous** 73. What tissue type is adipose tissue? **Connective** 74. What tissue type is bone? **Connective** 75. What tissue type is cartilage? **Connective** 76. What tissue type is a neuron? **Nervous** 77. Cells are specialized to contract: **Muscle** 78. Transmits electrochemical impulses: **Nervous** 79. Allows for organ movements within the body: **Muscle** 80. Characterized by ha' matrix: **Connective** 81. Forms the brain and spinal cord: **Nerve** ### Nervous Tissue 82. Type of cell whose functional cells are sensitive to changes in their surroundings: **Nervous (neuron)** 83. What is matrix composed of: **ground substance and fibers** 84. What tissue type makes up the outer layer of skin? **Stratified squamous epithelium** 85. What tissue type makes up the connective tissue below the basement membranes of most epithelial tissues? **Dense fibrous irregular connective** 86. What tissue type makes up the basement membrane? **Areolar (loose fibrous)** connective 87. What type of membrane lines the two ventral body cavities and their organs? **Serous** ### Connective Tissue 88. What type of tissue is found in the hypodermis (below the skin)? **Adipose connective** ### Membranes 89. What type of tissue makes up serous membranes? **Simple squamous epithelium** 90. What type of serous membrane touches the surface of an organ? **Visceral** 91. What type of serous membrane is the outer membrane? **Parietal** 92. What type of serous membrane is found around the lungs? **Pleura** 93. What type of serous membrane is found around the heart? **Pericardium** 94. What type of serous membrane is found in the abdominopelvic area? **Peritoneum** ### Cellular Projections 95. What cellular projections propel substances along their surface? **Cilia** - What tissue types may these be found on? **Pseudostratified epithelium in the upper respiratory tract** 96. What cellular projections increase surface area for absorption? **Microvilli** - What tissue type may these be found on? **Simple columnar epithelium in the intestine** ## Human Anatomy: Skin - **Arector pili**: makes hair stand on end when you are scared or cold - **Blood vessel**: in the dermis and hypodermis to bring oxygen and nutrients to the tissue and carbon dioxide or waste away. - **Adipose (fat) tissue**: cushion and insulation - **Hair follicle**: hair sits inside this and is formed above the papilla at the base - **Sweat gland (eccrine)**: produces sweat to cool the body off and remove waste - **Hypodermis / subcutaneous layer**: underlayer of skin that binds it to other tissues - **Dermis**: generally the thickest layer of skin, contains blood vessels, nerves, sensory receptors, etc.. composed of dense fibrous irregular connective tissue - **Epidermis**: superficial layer of skin, avascular, composed of stratified squamous epithelium - **Duct of sweat gland**: brings sweat to surface of skin - **Sweat pore**: allows sweat to exit to the surface of skin - **Hair/shaft**: external portion of hair/ made of inner medulla, then cortex, and outer cuticle - **Sebaceous gland**: produces sebum/oil that lubricates the skin and the hair ## Organic Molecules **This section is represented in image form. I will attempt to transcribe the relevant information below.** ### Monomers - **Monosaccharide**: Carbohydrate - **Steroid**: Lipid - **Nucleotide**: Nucleic Acid - **Triglyceride**: Lipid - **Polysaccharide**: Carbohydrate ### Polymers - **Phospholipid**: Lipid - **Amino Acid**: Protein - **Nucleotide**: Nucleic Acid - **Monosaccharide**: Carbohydrate - **Steroid**: Lipid ### Polysaccharides - Starch - Cellulose - Glycogen ### Nucleic Acids - ATP (adenine triphosphate) ### Fatty Acids - Unsaturated fatty acid: *top* - Saturated fatty acid: *bottom* ## Cell Anatomy 1. **Chromatin**: DNA - holds codes for making proteins 2. **Nucleolus**: makes ribosomes 3. **Smooth ER**: metabolizes lipids and detoxifies 4. **Cytosol**: fluid around organelles 5. **Lysosome**: breaks down waste 6. **Mitochondria**: aerobic (oxidative) phases of cellular respiration to make ATP 7. **Centriole**: separates chromosomes during cell division 8. **Cilia/microvili**: cilia propell substances across the cell's surface/ microvilli - increase surface area for absorption 9. **Micortubules**: cytoskeleton - support/structure 10. **Golgi apparatus**: modify and package proteins 11. **Riboomes**: site of protein synthesis 12. **Rough ER**: synthesizes membrane lipids and modifies proteins 13. **Plasma Membrane**: semipermeable barrier composed of phospholipids and proteins 14. **Nucleus**: "control center" because it contains the DNA 15. **Nuclear envelope**: allows things into and out of the nucleus