Podcast
Questions and Answers
In DNA, adenine (A) pairs with ______, while guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C).
In DNA, adenine (A) pairs with ______, while guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C).
thymine
[Blank] fats contain no carbon-carbon double bonds and are typically solid at room temperature.
[Blank] fats contain no carbon-carbon double bonds and are typically solid at room temperature.
Saturated
The primary function of ______ is protein synthesis, translating mRNA into polypeptide chains.
The primary function of ______ is protein synthesis, translating mRNA into polypeptide chains.
ribosomes
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only ______.
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only ______.
[Blank] cells are characterized by the absence of a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
[Blank] cells are characterized by the absence of a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
The ______ is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for transport within a cell or secretion outside the cell.
The ______ is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for transport within a cell or secretion outside the cell.
Enzymes lower the ______ of a reaction, thereby increasing the reaction rate.
Enzymes lower the ______ of a reaction, thereby increasing the reaction rate.
The breakdown of glucose to generate energy occurs through a metabolic pathway called cellular ______.
The breakdown of glucose to generate energy occurs through a metabolic pathway called cellular ______.
The scientific method involves several steps; after formulating a hypothesis, the next crucial step is typically to design and conduct a controlled ______ to test that hypothesis.
The scientific method involves several steps; after formulating a hypothesis, the next crucial step is typically to design and conduct a controlled ______ to test that hypothesis.
In an experimental setup, the ______ variable is the one that the researcher manipulates, while the ______ variable is the one that is measured to see if it is affected.
In an experimental setup, the ______ variable is the one that the researcher manipulates, while the ______ variable is the one that is measured to see if it is affected.
The atomic ______ of an element is determined by the number of protons in its nucleus and dictates the element's identity and chemical properties.
The atomic ______ of an element is determined by the number of protons in its nucleus and dictates the element's identity and chemical properties.
Radioactive ______ are used in medicine for both diagnostic imaging and therapeutic treatments due to their ability to emit detectable radiation.
Radioactive ______ are used in medicine for both diagnostic imaging and therapeutic treatments due to their ability to emit detectable radiation.
In a ______ covalent bond, electrons are unequally shared between atoms, resulting in partial positive and negative charges on the atoms involved, as seen in a water molecule.
In a ______ covalent bond, electrons are unequally shared between atoms, resulting in partial positive and negative charges on the atoms involved, as seen in a water molecule.
[Blank] is a property of water that allows insects to walk on the surface of water, resulting from the cohesion of water molecules.
[Blank] is a property of water that allows insects to walk on the surface of water, resulting from the cohesion of water molecules.
A solution is considered acidic if it has a higher concentration of ______ ions ($H^+$) than hydroxide ions ($OH^-$).
A solution is considered acidic if it has a higher concentration of ______ ions ($H^+$) than hydroxide ions ($OH^-$).
The formation of a dipeptide from two amino acids involves a ______ reaction, where a molecule of water is removed to create a peptide bond.
The formation of a dipeptide from two amino acids involves a ______ reaction, where a molecule of water is removed to create a peptide bond.
Flashcards
Glucose
Glucose
Monosaccharide used for energy; a primary source of energy for cells.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
Maintaining a stable internal environment despite external changes.
Hypothesis
Hypothesis
A testable explanation for a phenomenon.
Sucrose
Sucrose
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Independent Variable
Independent Variable
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Glycogen
Glycogen
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Starch
Starch
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Proton
Proton
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Cellulose
Cellulose
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Atomic Number
Atomic Number
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Ion
Ion
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Chitin
Chitin
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Nonpolar Covalent Bond
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
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Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
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Polymer
Polymer
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Energy
Energy
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Study Notes
- Exam 1 includes multiple-choice, true/false, and matching questions.
Scientific Study of Life
- Understand all the characteristics that define life and recognize examples of homeostasis.
- Know the order of the scientific method steps: make a hypothesis, identify variables, create a theory, and set up a control experiment.
- Differentiate between independent and dependent variables in an experiment
- Understand the levels of complexity in living organisms, ordered from atoms to the biosphere.
- Distinguish between a cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism.
The Chemistry of Life
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Be familiar with the subatomic particles of an atom: protons, electrons, and neutrons.
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Understand electron roles and orbitals, knowing that electrons determine an atom's properties.
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Differentiate between atomic number (number of protons) and atomic weight (number of protons plus neutrons).
- For instance, an atom with 8 protons, 8 electrons, and 7 neutrons has an atomic number of 8 and an atomic weight of 15.
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Know the definitions of ions and isotopes.
- Understand how radioactive isotopes are applied in medicine and dating fossils.
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Different types of chemical bonds exist including ionic, covalent (polar and nonpolar sharing), and hydrogen bonds.
- Sodium chloride exemplifies ionic bonding.
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Differentiate between polar and non-polar molecules.
- Water is a polar molecule.
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Understand the terms hydrophilic and hydrophobic.
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Know the properties of water.
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Understand the pH scale: acidic, basic, and neutral.
- Relate acidity and basicity to hydrogen (H+) and hydroxide (OH-) ion concentrations.
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Differentiate hydrolysis and dehydration reactions.
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Understand macromolecules (polymers) and their components (monomers).
- Proteins are polymers of amino acids.
- Recognize amino acid structure (variable R group, conserved carboxyl and amino groups).
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Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotide subunits.
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Understand what a peptide bond is.
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Know the carbohydrates glucose, sucrose, glycogen, starch, cellulose, and chitin
- Know their roles in energy storage and structural support.
- Chitin and cellulose have structural roles in cells and organisms.
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Differentiate saturated and unsaturated fats and recognize examples of lipids like phospholipids and steroids.
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Understand the different levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
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Differentiate between DNA and RNA.
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Know their respective roles in the cell.
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Understand the base pairing rules in DNA (A-T, G-C) and RNA (A-U, G-C).
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Be capable of finding a complementary sequence for a given sequence.
Cell
- Differentiate prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
- Compare the organelles in bacteria, plant, and animal cells.
- Examples of organelles include the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, cell wall, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, cilia, flagella, microtubules, centrioles, and chromosomes.
- Know the function of all the organelles.
- Differentiate smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum by both structure and function.
- The "roughness" is due to the presence of ribosomes, which are responsible for protein synthesis.
- Study Cytoplasmic movement (cyclosis).
- Know that the major component of the cell membrane is phospholipids.
- The cell membrane also contains proteins.
- Understand the functions of proteins in the cell membrane.
- Define what the fluid mosaic model refers to in the context of cell structure.
The Energy of Life
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Differentiate potential and kinetic energy with examples.
- Sugars and fats possess potential energy.
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Define metabolism.
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Understand the laws of thermodynamics.
- Be able to explain the difference between the first and second laws.
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Explain what ATP is in terms of its structure and its function.
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Understand that enzymes are catalysts.
- Understand how they function in terms of activation energy.
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Differentiate between the active site and substrate of an enzyme.
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Understand feedback inhibition (competitive and non-competitive).
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Know factors (pH and temperature) affecting enzyme action.
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Know coenzymes, such as NAD.
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Explain cellular transport systems: osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis, pinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
- Know specific examples of each transport system.
- The sodium-potassium pump participates in active transport.
- Engulfing bacteria represents phagocytosis.
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Differentiate between isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic environments and their effects on cells.
- Adding red blood cells to water prompts swelling, because water is hypotonic to the cells.
- A 10% salt solution represents a hypertonic environment.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the characteristics of life, the scientific method, and the chemistry of life. The exam includes differentiating between independent and dependent variables and understanding atomic structure.
