Biology 1 MCAS Model Midterm Study Guide (2024)
34 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which step in the scientific method involves forming a testable statement about a phenomenon?

  • Observation
  • Controlled experiments
  • Data analysis
  • Hypothesis formulation (correct)

    • What is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?

  • Serve as the main energy source (correct)
  • Regulate cellular metabolism
  • Provide waterproof coverings
  • Store genetic information

    • What are the substances with a pH of 7 classified as?

  • Bases
  • Neutral (correct)
  • Acids
  • Strong acids

    • Which components make up an atom's nucleus?

    <p>Protons and neutrons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements are considered the most common in living organisms?

    <p>Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In biological contexts, what do lipids primarily provide?

    <p>Long-term energy storage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do control variables differ from experimental variables?

    <p>Control variables are not manipulated, while experimental variables are (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organic molecule types are primarily responsible for catalyzing biochemical reactions?

    <p>Proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do enzymes play in biological reactions?

    <p>They act as catalysts to speed up reactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes a prokaryotic cell?

    <p>They lack a nucleus and are generally simpler. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between osmosis and diffusion?

    <p>Osmosis is the movement of water across a membrane, diffusion is the movement of solutes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the chloroplast do the light-dependent reactions occur?

    <p>Thylakoids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the Krebs Cycle?

    <p>Glucose is fully oxidized to produce CO2. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a solution that causes a cell to shrink?

    <p>Hypertonic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary energy molecule produced during cellular respiration?

    <p>ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of facilitated diffusion?

    <p>It involves protein channels for larger particles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is unique to plant cells but absent in animal cells?

    <p>Cell Wall (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must happen for active transport to occur?

    <p>Energy must be supplied to pump particles against their gradient. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ribosomes?

    <p>To synthesize proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about cellular respiration is true?

    <p>It produces a maximum of 32-38 ATP from one glucose molecule. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes the cell membrane's ability to control what enters and exits?

    <p>Semi-permeable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the digestive system?

    <p>To convert macromolecules from food into smaller molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord?

    <p>Central Nervous System (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the respiratory system?

    <p>To exchange gases by taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sensory neurons function in the nervous system?

    <p>They collect information about the surrounding environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT part of the alimentary canal?

    <p>Salivary glands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the diaphragm during breathing?

    <p>It separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of consumers eat both vegetation and meat?

    <p>Omnivores (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of energy is typically retained as organisms move up trophic levels?

    <p>10% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe organisms that make their own food?

    <p>Producers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the circulatory and respiratory systems interact?

    <p>The respiratory system delivers oxygen via blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the long fiber extending from a neuron called?

    <p>Axon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to energy as it moves through a food chain?

    <p>90% of energy is lost at each step (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main roles of the accessory organs in digestion?

    <p>To produce enzymes and other substances for digestion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biology 1 MCAS Model Midterm Study Guide (2024)

    • Scientific Method

      • Observations lead to testable hypotheses.
      • Controlled experiments provide data.
      • Data analysis forms a conclusion.
      • Supported hypotheses may become theories.

    • Characteristics of Living Things

      • Cellular organization, growth, reproduction, adaptation, metabolism, and response to stimuli (irritability).
      • Maintain homeostasis by fulfilling these characteristics.

    Chemistry of Life

    • Molecular Structure

      • Atoms (protons(+), neutrons (0), electrons(-)) are the basic unit of matter.
      • Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus, electrons in orbitals.
      • Elements are single-atom substances.
      • Compounds combine multiple elements in specific proportions.
      • CHNOPS (Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur) are common in living things.

    • pH

      • The pH scale ranges from 1 to 14, measuring hydrogen ion (H+) concentration.
      • Acids have a pH of 6 or less.
      • Bases have a pH of 8 or more.
      • Neutral substances have a pH of 7.
      • Strong acids and bases can be harmful.

    • Organic Molecules

      • Organic molecules are based on carbon skeletons.
      • Monomers build polymers.
      • Four main types:
        • Carbohydrates (sugars, starches): primary energy source.
        • Proteins (muscles, enzymes): various functions including building and regulating.
        • Lipids (fats, oils, waxes): long-term energy storage, waterproof coverings; phospholipids build cell membranes.
        • Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA): store and transmit genetic information.
      • Enzymes (proteins) speed up reactions by lowering activation energy.
      • Organic molecules all contain carbon.

    Cell Structure and Function

    • Cell Theory

      • All living things are composed of cells.
      • Cells are the basic units of structure and function.
      • All cells come from pre-existing cells.

    • Types of Cells

      • Prokaryotic cells (bacteria) lack a nucleus.
      • Eukaryotic cells (animals, plants, fungi, protists) have a nucleus.
      • All cells have cell membranes, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes.
      • Cell walls are common in prokaryotes and some eukaryotes (Plants but not animals).

    • Cell Organelles

      • Many structures within cells maintain homeostasis. Examples include mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, cytoskeleton, and vacuoles.
      • Plant cells have chloroplasts, cell walls, and a large central vacuole. Animal cells have centrioles, cilia, flagella, and multiple smaller vacuoles.

    • Cell Membrane

      • Phospholipid bilayer forms the cell membrane, making it semi-permeable.

    • Cellular Transport

      • Diffusion: movement from high to low concentration.
      • Osmosis: water diffusion from high to low water concentration.
      • Facilitated diffusion: larger particles move through protein channels from high to low concentration.
      • Active transport: movement from low to high concentration, requires energy (endocytosis & exocytosis).
      • Hypertonic: higher solute concentration (cell shrinks).
      • Hypotonic: lower solute concentration (cell swells).
      • Isotonic: equal solute concentration (dynamic equilibrium).

    Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

    • Photosynthesis

      • Light reactions use chlorophyll to capture light energy, splitting water (O2 released), and producing ATP and NADPH.
      • Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions) uses ATP and NADPH, plus CO2, to produce glucose.
      • Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

    • Cellular Respiration

      • Breaks down glucose (in presence of oxygen) releasing energy (ATP).
      • Stages:
        • Glycolysis: glucose → pyruvate, 2 ATP.
        • Krebs Cycle: pyruvate breakdown, CO2 released, NADH and FADH2 produced, 2 ATP.
        • Electron Transport Chain: NADH and FADH2 produce 32 ATP.
      • Overall equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (36-38 ATP per glucose).
      • Fermentation: energy production (2 ATP) in absence of oxygen (alcoholic/lactic acid).

    Body Systems

    • Digestive System

      • Converts food macromolecules into usable smaller molecules.
      • Alimentary canal (mouth to anus) and accessory organs (salivary glands, pancreas, gallbladder, liver).

    • Nervous System

      • Collects, processes, and responds to information.
      • Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves & supporting cells).
      • Neurons are the basic units, consisting of cell bodies, dendrites, axons, and in some instances, myelin sheaths.
      • Sensory neurons detect information (photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors).
      • Motor neurons carry impulses away from the central nervous system to effectors (muscles & glands).

    • Respiratory System - Exchanges gases (taking in oxygen, removing carbon dioxide). - Gas exchange occurs at alveoli (tiny air sacs) and capillaries.

    • Circulatory System - Transports oxygen and nutrients throughout the body; also removes waste (e.g., carbon dioxide). - Heart pumps blood, oxygen-poor blood to lungs, oxygen-rich blood throughout the body.

    Ecology

    • Ecology
      • Food chains and food webs start with producers (autotrophs make own food).
      • Consumers (heterotrophs) eat to obtain energy.
      • Categories of consumers: herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores (decomposers).
      • Food chains: single energy pathway (Producer → Primary Consumer → Secondary Consumer → Tertiary Consumer).
      • Food webs: multiple food chains.
      • Energy transfer: 10% of energy is transferred to higher trophic levels (90% loss).

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Prepare for your Biology 1 MCAS with this comprehensive model midterm study guide. Cover key concepts including the scientific method, characteristics of living organisms, and the chemistry of life such as molecular structure and pH. This guide serves as an excellent resource to solidify your understanding and readiness for the exam.

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser