Biology: Reproduction Types and Fertilization

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of fertilisation in the reproductive process?

To facilitate the sealing of zygotes in protective shells

To restore the diploid chromosome number of a species (correct)

To maintain the haploid chromosome number of species

To ensure all gametes are released in water

Which of the following correctly describes haploid cells?

They are involved in the fertilisation process.

They are formed from diploid cells.

They contain two sets of chromosomes.

They contain only one set of chromosomes. (correct)

What environmental condition is important for external fertilization?

A moist environment provided by the animal's body

A water medium that allows for gamete dispersal (correct)

A cold temperature to enhance oxygen solubility

A dry environment to facilitate gamete concentration

Which feature distinguishes internal fertilization from external fertilization?

The moist environment created inside the female's body Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation do some animals develop to enhance the likelihood of successful fertilisation in external environments?

Attaching during mating to ensure contact Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can negatively affect salmon fertilisation as temperatures rise?

Reduced oxygen dissolved in warmer water Signup and view all the answers

Why do salmon prefer to spawn in shallow river water?

It reduces the risk of eggs and sperm drifting away Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the zygote in sexual reproduction?

It contains two sets of chromosomes and nourishes the embryo Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of internal fertilisation in birds?

Higher survival rates of offspring Signup and view all the answers

Why do male birds often exhibit brighter feathers?

To impress females during mating displays Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant disadvantage of external fertilisation?

Lower survival rates of embryos Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the mating behavior of birds?

Females choose mates based on their dance skills. Signup and view all the answers

What is an ecological disadvantage of species that utilize external fertilisation?

Dependence on a suitable aquatic environment Signup and view all the answers

What role do female birds primarily have post-fertilization?

Carrying and caring for the eggs Signup and view all the answers

What is a common trait seen in animals that perform external fertilisation?

Low survival rates of offspring Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of external fertilisation?

Lower survival rates of embryos Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of sexual reproduction in organisms?

It creates a new set of DNA, enhancing genetic variation. Signup and view all the answers

Which process is not involved in asexual reproduction?

Fertilisation Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during fertilisation in sexual reproduction?

Gametes from two parents fuse. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding internal fertilisation is true?

It provides a more protected environment for the developing zygote. Signup and view all the answers

What type of reproduction do bacteria primarily use?

Binary fission Signup and view all the answers

Why is genetic variation important for a species?

It increases the likelihood of survival in changing environments. Signup and view all the answers

In which type of organisms is sexual reproduction most common?

Animals and plants Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes asexual reproduction?

Results in clones of the parent organism. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of nectar in the process of pollination?

It attracts bees to the flower. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the transfer of pollen from one flower's anther to another flower's stigma?

Cross-pollination Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of cross-pollination mentioned?

Self-Pollination Signup and view all the answers

Which animals are mentioned as pollination agents?

Bats and birds Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the ovary after the ovules are fertilized?

It grows into fruit. Signup and view all the answers

How do fruits assist in seed dispersal?

They protect seeds and enhance dispersal. Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for germination to occur?

The seed must receive nutrients to grow. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the offspring produced by self-pollination?

They are similar to the parent with little variation. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the stigma play in the reproductive process of a flower?

It is the sticky part that pollen adheres to. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes double fertilisation in angiosperms?

One sperm fertilises an egg, and the other forms endosperm. Signup and view all the answers

What purpose do petals serve in a flower?

To attract pollinators. Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the flower is responsible for producing pollen?

Anther Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ovary in a flower?

To develop into a fruit after fertilisation. Signup and view all the answers

What type of pollination occurs within the same flower?

Self-pollination Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure that supports the stigma in flowers?

Style Signup and view all the answers

How do edible fruits assist in the dispersal of seeds?

They are consumed and passed through the digestive system. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sexual and Asexual Reproduction

Sexual reproduction involves two parents contributing DNA via gametes (egg and sperm) to create a unique offspring.
Asexual reproduction involves only one parent and offspring are genetically identical clones.
Sexual reproduction allows for genetic variation, increasing a species' survival in changing environments.
Asexual reproduction is advantageous for fast reproduction and colonization.

External Fertilisation

Occurs outside the animal's body, usually in water.
Offers a moist environment for gametes to travel and disperse.
Requires the release of many gametes to increase the chance of fertilisation.
Examples include coral and fish.
Some animals develop behavioral adaptations to increase the likelihood of fertilisation, such as frogs where the male attaches itself to the female.

Internal Fertilisation

The female's body provides the moist environment for fertilisation.
Embryos can develop inside the womb (placental mammals) or outside the body (oviparous animals).
Examples include birds and mammals.

Advantages and Disadvantages of External Fertilisation

Advantages:
- Large number of offspring.
- Genetic diversity.
- Less energy investment by parents.
Disadvantages:
- Lower survival rates of offspring.
- Dependent on water.
- Lack of parental protection.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Internal Fertilisation

Advantages:
- Higher Survival Rates: Embryos are better protected
Disadvantages:
- Energy investment in offspring: Parents, especially females, often invest more energy in the care and protection of fewer offspring.

Fertilisation in Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)

Involves double fertilisation.
Mature pollen grains contain two types of cells:
- Tube cell: burrows down the pollen tube to the ovary.
- Generative cell: divides into two sperm cells.
One sperm fertilises the egg to form a zygote (diploid).
The other sperm cell joins with the two polar nuclei to develop into endosperm (triploid), providing nutrients for the developing baby plant.

Pollination

Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma.
Two Types:
- Self-Pollination: Transfer of pollen within the same flower.
- Cross-Pollination: Transfer of pollen between different flowers of the same species.
Cross-pollination relies on external factors for pollination, such as insects, wind, birds, and mammals.

Fruit Production & Seed Dispersal

Fertilised ovules develop into seeds within the ovary, which then ripens into a fruit.
Fruits protect seeds and help with dispersal, often relying on adaptations like colour, taste, and structural features.
Seed dispersal increases the plant's chance of survival by reducing competition with the parent plant and allowing for colonisation of new areas.

Germination

The process of a seed developing into a new plant when it receives the necessary nutrients and conditions.

Importance of Genetic Variation

Enables adaptation to changing environments and increases the likelihood of survival for a species.

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Description

Explore the fundamental differences between sexual and asexual reproduction, along with the processes of external and internal fertilization. Understand how these reproductive strategies impact genetic variation and species survival in various environments. This quiz will enhance your knowledge of reproductive biology concepts.