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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of fertilisation in the reproductive process?
Which of the following correctly describes haploid cells?
What environmental condition is important for external fertilization?
Which feature distinguishes internal fertilization from external fertilization?
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What adaptation do some animals develop to enhance the likelihood of successful fertilisation in external environments?
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Which factor can negatively affect salmon fertilisation as temperatures rise?
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Why do salmon prefer to spawn in shallow river water?
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What is the significance of the zygote in sexual reproduction?
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What is a primary benefit of internal fertilisation in birds?
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Why do male birds often exhibit brighter feathers?
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What is a significant disadvantage of external fertilisation?
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Which statement is true regarding the mating behavior of birds?
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What is an ecological disadvantage of species that utilize external fertilisation?
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What role do female birds primarily have post-fertilization?
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What is a common trait seen in animals that perform external fertilisation?
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Which of the following is NOT an advantage of external fertilisation?
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What is a primary advantage of sexual reproduction in organisms?
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Which process is not involved in asexual reproduction?
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What occurs during fertilisation in sexual reproduction?
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Which statement regarding internal fertilisation is true?
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What type of reproduction do bacteria primarily use?
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Why is genetic variation important for a species?
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In which type of organisms is sexual reproduction most common?
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Which of the following best describes asexual reproduction?
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What is the primary role of nectar in the process of pollination?
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What is the term for the transfer of pollen from one flower's anther to another flower's stigma?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of cross-pollination mentioned?
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Which animals are mentioned as pollination agents?
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What happens to the ovary after the ovules are fertilized?
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How do fruits assist in seed dispersal?
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What is necessary for germination to occur?
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Which of the following correctly describes the offspring produced by self-pollination?
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What role does the stigma play in the reproductive process of a flower?
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Which of the following accurately describes double fertilisation in angiosperms?
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What purpose do petals serve in a flower?
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Which part of the flower is responsible for producing pollen?
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What is the primary function of the ovary in a flower?
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What type of pollination occurs within the same flower?
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What is the structure that supports the stigma in flowers?
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How do edible fruits assist in the dispersal of seeds?
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Study Notes
Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
- Sexual reproduction involves two parents contributing DNA via gametes (egg and sperm) to create a unique offspring.
- Asexual reproduction involves only one parent and offspring are genetically identical clones.
- Sexual reproduction allows for genetic variation, increasing a species' survival in changing environments.
- Asexual reproduction is advantageous for fast reproduction and colonization.
External Fertilisation
- Occurs outside the animal's body, usually in water.
- Offers a moist environment for gametes to travel and disperse.
- Requires the release of many gametes to increase the chance of fertilisation.
- Examples include coral and fish.
- Some animals develop behavioral adaptations to increase the likelihood of fertilisation, such as frogs where the male attaches itself to the female.
Internal Fertilisation
- The female's body provides the moist environment for fertilisation.
- Embryos can develop inside the womb (placental mammals) or outside the body (oviparous animals).
- Examples include birds and mammals.
Advantages and Disadvantages of External Fertilisation
-
Advantages:
- Large number of offspring.
- Genetic diversity.
- Less energy investment by parents.
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Disadvantages:
- Lower survival rates of offspring.
- Dependent on water.
- Lack of parental protection.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Internal Fertilisation
-
Advantages:
- Higher Survival Rates: Embryos are better protected
-
Disadvantages:
- Energy investment in offspring: Parents, especially females, often invest more energy in the care and protection of fewer offspring.
Fertilisation in Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)
- Involves double fertilisation.
- Mature pollen grains contain two types of cells:
- Tube cell: burrows down the pollen tube to the ovary.
- Generative cell: divides into two sperm cells.
- One sperm fertilises the egg to form a zygote (diploid).
- The other sperm cell joins with the two polar nuclei to develop into endosperm (triploid), providing nutrients for the developing baby plant.
Pollination
- Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma.
- Two Types:
- Self-Pollination: Transfer of pollen within the same flower.
- Cross-Pollination: Transfer of pollen between different flowers of the same species.
- Cross-pollination relies on external factors for pollination, such as insects, wind, birds, and mammals.
Fruit Production & Seed Dispersal
- Fertilised ovules develop into seeds within the ovary, which then ripens into a fruit.
- Fruits protect seeds and help with dispersal, often relying on adaptations like colour, taste, and structural features.
- Seed dispersal increases the plant's chance of survival by reducing competition with the parent plant and allowing for colonisation of new areas.
Germination
- The process of a seed developing into a new plant when it receives the necessary nutrients and conditions.
Importance of Genetic Variation
- Enables adaptation to changing environments and increases the likelihood of survival for a species.
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Description
Explore the fundamental differences between sexual and asexual reproduction, along with the processes of external and internal fertilization. Understand how these reproductive strategies impact genetic variation and species survival in various environments. This quiz will enhance your knowledge of reproductive biology concepts.