Biology Quiz: Urinary and Endocrine Systems

Urinary System

• The loop of Henle consists of a thin descending limb and a thick ascending limb.
• The liver is located in the right upper quadrant.
• The ureter connects the kidney to the bladder.
• The external urethral sphincter is a voluntary muscle (True).
• The digestive tract releases hormones signaling hunger and fullness (True).

Endocrine System

• The pituitary gland secretes 9 hormones.
• Hormone classifications include amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones, and lipid derivatives.
• Oxytocin can help control bleeding after childbirth.
• The hypothalamus sends signals to the pituitary gland to regulate hormone release.
• Type 1 diabetes involves the pancreas' inability to produce or use insulin properly.
• The heart releases atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
• Rickets is a disorder caused by calcitriol deficiency in children.
• Menopause is an age-related side effect of decreased female sex hormones.

Metabolism and Energetics

• Metabolism is the process of energy transformation in the body.
• The goal of metabolism is to balance energy production and usage.
• Anabolism builds new molecules for growth and repair.
• Catabolism breaks down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.
• The liver detoxifies harmful substances (True).
• Kidneys regulate fluid, pH, and electrolytes during metabolism.
• 40% of energy released during catabolism is captured by ATP.
• Cellular respiration primarily produces ATP in cells (True).
• Diabetes is a metabolic disease involving improper insulin production or use.
• Mitochondrial disease prevents mitochondria from producing energy.

Cell Biology and Chemistry

• Mitosis (PMAT) includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, where cell duplication begins.
• Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
• Muscle tissue types include skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
• Covalent bonds form when molecules share electrons to become stable.
• Molecules are one or more elements bonded together.

Lymphatic/Immune System

• Lymph is fluid containing white blood cells within lymphatic vessels.
• The spleen filters blood and combats infections.
• Maintaining fluid balance and defending against infection are the lymphatic system's main functions.
• White blood cells are primarily involved in immune responses.
• Lymph nodes filter lymph and trap pathogens.
• T cells attack infected cells.
• Tonsils trap and eliminate pathogens entering the throat.
• Lymphatic vessels collect and transport lymph.
• Lymphedema is lymph accumulation causing swelling.
• The thymus is responsible for T cell maturation.