Biology Quiz on Human Disorders
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Questions and Answers

Which age is considered precocious puberty in boys?

  • Before age 8
  • Before age 7
  • Before age 9 (correct)
  • Before age 10

    • Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for certain diseases?

  • Central Nervous system problems
  • Family history of the disease
  • Tumors on adrenal glands
  • Regular exercise (correct)

    • What behavior is commonly associated with bulimia nervosa?

  • Binge eating followed by purging (correct)
  • Eating only fruits and vegetables
  • Consistent weight gain
  • Overeating without subsequent actions

    • Which of the following conditions is linked to lung problems as a risk factor?

    <p>Cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of binge eating in bulimia nervosa?

    <p>Self-induced vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disorder caused by variants in mitochondrial DNA?

    <p>Familial hemiplegic migraine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is commonly characterized by harmful levels of phenylalanine?

    <p>Phenylketonuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by an extra or missing chromosome?

    <p>Trisomy 21</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which syndrome is associated with a missing or altered X chromosome in females?

    <p>Turner Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Low number of red blood cells leading to anemia and repeated infections describes which disorder?

    <p>Sickle cell disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a notable feature of Klinefelter Syndrome?

    <p>Small testes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to significant visual loss and blurring in vision?

    <p>Leber hereditary optic neuropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by prolonged weakness, coma, and memory loss?

    <p>Familial hemiplegic migraine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the zona pellucida?

    <p>It acts as the outer membrane of the ovum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a zygote?

    <p>The fertilized cell resulting from the union of an ovum and a sperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about sperm motility is correct?

    <p>It denotes the sperm's capacity to move efficiently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chemical substance is produced by the egg cell to attract sperm?

    <p>Chemoattractants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during ovulation?

    <p>The mature egg is released into the fallopian tube.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is male infertility defined as concerning sperm count?

    <p>Less than 39 million sperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a challenge that sperm face before conception?

    <p>Swimming towards the ovum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during menstruation?

    <p>Disintegration of the lining of the uterus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the behavioral component focus on?

    <p>Objects or events of interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which temperament is characterized by children who easily adjust to new events?

    <p>Easy Temperament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main aspect of attachment according to John Bowlby?

    <p>It's a mutual emotional bond that forms the foundation of personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do difficult babies typically respond to changes?

    <p>They resist changes and display emotional negativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a phase of attachment identified by John Bowlby?

    <p>Independence and exploration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes slow-to-warm-up temperament in children?

    <p>They display few intense reactions and are nonresponsive to unfamiliar people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which temperament accounts for the largest percentage of children?

    <p>Easy Temperament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is rhythmicity in the context of temperament?

    <p>The predictability of bodily functions such as eating and sleeping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a mother's age at menarche influence her daughter?

    <p>It correlates with the daughter's age at menarche.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the psychological impacts of puberty?

    <p>Moodiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes 'Middle-age Spread' in individuals aged 40-60?

    <p>Excess fat accumulation around the belly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes Senescence?

    <p>Age-related physical changes that occur naturally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common physical development milestone in middle adulthood?

    <p>Loss of visual acuity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which life stage does presbyopia typically occur?

    <p>Middle Adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor delays puberty among girls?

    <p>Chronic diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended maximum waist size for males to maintain health in middle adulthood?

    <p>40 inches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of secondary aging?

    <p>Environmental influences and poor health habits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by a loss of calcium in the bones?

    <p>Osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of antioxidants such as Vitamin E and C in relation to aging?

    <p>To reduce the risk of heart diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the female climacteric refer to?

    <p>Loss of reproductive ability due to menopause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory of aging suggests that there is a predetermined timeline for aging in our genes?

    <p>Genetic programming theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What biological mechanism is associated with the Hayflick limit?

    <p>Shortening of telomeres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of menopause in women?

    <p>Cessation of menstrual periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of aging related to physical functioning?

    <p>Decline in reaction time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Developmental Psychology

    • Psychology studies biological behaviors (overt and covert)
    • Development is systematic changes across a person's lifespan.
    • Developmental Psychology studies the systematic changes across the lifespan.

    Domains of Development

    • Physical Development - changes in body size, shape, and characteristics.
    • Cognitive Development - changes in thinking, memory, problem-solving, and intellectual skills.
    • Social-Emotional Development - changes in emotional awareness, managing emotions, interactions with others, and personality development.

    Attributes of Development

    • Holistic - the domains are interconnected and influence each other.
    • Plasticity - the ability to adapt and modify based on new experiences.

    Stages of Development

    • Prenatal Period (conception to birth)
    • Infancy and Toddlerhood (birth to 3 years)
    • Early Childhood (3 to 6 years)
    • Middle Childhood (6 to 12 years)
    • Adolescence (12 to 20 years)
      • Early Adolescence (12-14 years)
      • Middle Adolescence (15-17 years)
      • Late Adolescence (18-20 years)
    • Early Adulthood (20 to 40 years)
    • Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years)
    • Late Adulthood (65 to death)

    Issues in Studying Human Development

    • Nature vs. Nurture - the role of biology and experience in development.
    • Continuity vs. Discontinuity - whether development is gradual or stage-like.
      • Continuity - quantitative change (degree) / gradual development
      • Discontinuity - qualitative change / abrupt changes
        • Quantitative change - change in amount
        • Qualitative change - change in characteristic, kind, or type
    • Critical Period - a specific time when an organism is unusually sensitive to certain experiences.
    • Sensitive Period - a period during which an individual is particularly responsive to certain experiences.

    Conception and Genetics

    • Genetics - the study of genes and heredity.
    • Heredity - biological processes of characteristics passed from parents.
    • Ovum (egg cell) — female reproductive cell
      • Nucleus - contains genetic information
      • Cytoplasm - nutrients within the cell
      • Zona pellucida - outer membrane
      • Corona Radiata - nutrient source
    • Sperm - male reproductive cell
    • Zygote - fertilized egg (ovum and sperm united)
    • Chromosomes - threadlike structures of DNA and protein containing genes
    • Gene Variants - permanent changes in the DNA sequence
    • Mechanisms of Heredity
      • Chromosomes
      • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
      • Genome (complete set of genes)
      • 4 nitrogenous bases for DNA : Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine
      • 4 nitrogenous bases for RNA : Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil
      • Genes — carry instructions for assembling proteins
    • Challenges of Conception - Acidic environment, Female's immune system, Cilia movement, Wrong fallopian tube, sperm motility, and male infertility

    Genes

    • Genotype - set of genes
    • Phenotype - observable traits
    • Alleles - different variations of a gene
    • Homozygous - inherited the same allele
    • Heterozygous - inherited different alleles
    • Dominant-Recessive Inheritance - single dominant allele can influence phenotype.
    • Codominance - both alleles of a gene are expressed
    • Incomplete Dominance - dominant allele is only partially expressed.
    • Polygenic Inheritance - many genes combine to form a phenotype.
    • Mitochondrial Inheritance - genes carried in the mitochondria.
    • Multifactorial Inheritance - genotype and environment interact to produce phenotype.
    • Niche-picking - actively selecting environments that match genetic predisposition

    Genetic Disorders and Conditions

    • Autosomal Dominant Disorders
    • Autosomal Recessive Disorders
    • X-Linked Dominant Disorders
    • X-Linked Recessive Disorders
    • Y-Linked Disorders
    • Mitochondrial Disorders
    • Chromosomal Errors

    Prenatal Stage of Development

    • Germinal Stage (0-14 days) - conception, cleavage, blastulation, implantation
    • Embryonic Stage (3-8 weeks) - major organ development (organogenesis)
    • Fetal Stage (9-38 weeks) - continued growth, development of organs, increased viability
      • Viability - ability to survive outside the uterus

    Fetal Stage Milestones

    • Weeks 9-12: fingerprints, reflexes, facial expressions
    • Weeks 13-16: more defined features, increased movement
    • Weeks 17-20: heartbeat audible, fetal movements felt by mother
    • Weeks 21-24: lungs produce surfactant, viability possible; good chance of survival
    • Weeks 25-28: rapid growth, significant chance of survival
    • Weeks 29-32: rapid growth, continued maturation of organs
    • Weeks 33-36: movement to head-down position, lungs mature; virtually 100% survival rate
    • Weeks 37-38: full-term; well-developed organs

    Labor and Delivery

    • Stages of Labor:
      1. Dilation and Effacement
      2. Delivery of the Baby
      3. Afterbirth
    • Types of Delivery - Vaginal (normal), Assisted Vaginal, Cesarean Section
    • Associated Conditions: Placenta Previa, Breech Birth, Fetal Macrosomia, Uterine Fibroids, Labor not progressing, Umbilical Cord Prolapses, Placental Abruption, Hemorrhage/bleeding, Preeclampsia, Fetal Distress

    Potential Problems at Birth

    • Respiratory Distress Syndrome
    • Anoxia (oxygen deprivation)
    • Rh Factor Incompatibility
    • Cranial Bleeding/Brain Damage

    Social Environment after Birth

    • Maternal Experiences
      • Maternity Blues
      • Postpartum Depression
    • Paternal Experiences
      • Engrossment
    • Sibling Experiences
      • Sibling Rivalry

    Infancy: Physical Development

    • Reflexes (involuntary responses)
    • Sensory Capabilities
    • States of Arousal (sleep, irregular sleep, drowsiness, alert inactivity, alert activity, crying)
    • SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)
    • Important milestones in terms of gross/fine motor skills
      • age-appropriate milestones
    • Sensory development
      • vision
      • hearing
      • smell, taste, touch

    Infancy: Cognitive Development

    • Object Permanence - understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight
    • Means-End Behavior - purposeful actions to achieve a goal
    • Habituation - decreasing responsiveness to a repeated stimulus
    • Sensorimotor stage - (0-2 years)
    • Language Development
    • Language Acquisition Device (LAD) Theory of Chomsky
    • Behavioral Theory of Skinner
    • Stages of Language Development in INFANTS

    Infancy: Personality, Emotional, and Social Development

    • Emotional Development
      • Emotional displays
      • Development of basic emotions: joy, anger, fear, surprise, sadness
      • Attachment: different attachment styles.
    • Social Development - Social Referencing, Temperament, and Attachment

    Cognitive Development

    • Sensorimotor Stage - (birth to 2 years) - focusing on senses and actions.
    • Preoperational Stage - (2 to 7 years) - thinking symbolically/ using words to represent objects, intuitive reasoning; egocentric thought.
    • Concrete Operational Stage - (7 to 11 years) - understanding concrete events and relationships; logical thinking, conservation, classification.
    • Formal Operational Stage - (11 years and beyond) - abstract reasoning, hypothetical thinking

    Adolescent Identity

    • Factors affecting identity development
    • Identity diffusion – not exploring / committed
    • Identity foreclosure – committed but not explored
    • Identity moratorium – exploring but not committed
    • Identity achievement – explored and committed
    • Erickson's theory of Identity vs. Role Confusion
    • Freud's theory of psychosexual stages

    Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development

    • Emerging Adulthood (18-25 years) - exploring identity, relationships & careers.
    • Early Adulthood (25-40 years) - physical peak; identity & relationships.
    • Middle Adulthood (40-65 years) - physical changes start; mid-life crisis, career and family adjustments.
    • Late Adulthood (65+ years) - declining physical abilities; coping with loss.

    Death and Dying

    • Stages of Dying (Kübler-Ross): denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
    • Grief and Bereavement - Bowlby's stages of grief; coping with loss
    • Thanatology - study of death and dying

    Parenting Styles and Child Wellness

    • Parenting Dimensions - Responsiveness & Demandingness
    • Parenting Styles - Authoritative, Permissive, Authoritarian, Uninvolved
    • Cycle of Violence Hypothesis — a theory about how child abuse is possibly transmitted across generations
    • Parenting Practices - Positive parenting strategies; setting clear expectations, supporting emotions, and providing guidance.
    • Family Ties
      • Sibling Rivalry

    Moral Development

    • Kohlberg's stages of moral development
      • Preconventional
        • Punishment and obedience
        • Individualism and exchange
      • Conventional
        • Interpersonal expectations
        • Law and order
      • Postconventional
        • Social contract
        • Universal ethical principles
    • Factors affecting moral development - empathy and role-taking
    • Antisocial behavior, such as cyberbullying and delinquency.
    • Conduct disorder

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    Developmental Psychology Final Notes PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on various human disorders, including precocious puberty, bulimia nervosa, and genetic conditions. This quiz covers risk factors, symptoms, and defining characteristics of several diseases. Perfect for biology students and enthusiasts looking to assess their understanding of these topics.

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