Biology Quiz on Human Disorders

Developmental Psychology

• Psychology studies biological behaviors (overt and covert)
• Development is systematic changes across a person's lifespan.
• Developmental Psychology studies the systematic changes across the lifespan.

Domains of Development

• Physical Development - changes in body size, shape, and characteristics.
• Cognitive Development - changes in thinking, memory, problem-solving, and intellectual skills.
• Social-Emotional Development - changes in emotional awareness, managing emotions, interactions with others, and personality development.

Attributes of Development

• Holistic - the domains are interconnected and influence each other.
• Plasticity - the ability to adapt and modify based on new experiences.

Stages of Development

• Prenatal Period (conception to birth)
• Infancy and Toddlerhood (birth to 3 years)
• Early Childhood (3 to 6 years)
• Middle Childhood (6 to 12 years)
• Adolescence (12 to 20 years)
  • Early Adolescence (12-14 years)
  • Middle Adolescence (15-17 years)
  • Late Adolescence (18-20 years)
• Early Adulthood (20 to 40 years)
• Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years)
• Late Adulthood (65 to death)

Issues in Studying Human Development

• Nature vs. Nurture - the role of biology and experience in development.
• Continuity vs. Discontinuity - whether development is gradual or stage-like.
  • Continuity - quantitative change (degree) / gradual development
  • Discontinuity - qualitative change / abrupt changes
    • Quantitative change - change in amount
    • Qualitative change - change in characteristic, kind, or type
• Critical Period - a specific time when an organism is unusually sensitive to certain experiences.
• Sensitive Period - a period during which an individual is particularly responsive to certain experiences.

Conception and Genetics

• Genetics - the study of genes and heredity.
• Heredity - biological processes of characteristics passed from parents.
• Ovum (egg cell) — female reproductive cell
  • Nucleus - contains genetic information
  • Cytoplasm - nutrients within the cell
  • Zona pellucida - outer membrane
  • Corona Radiata - nutrient source
• Sperm - male reproductive cell
• Zygote - fertilized egg (ovum and sperm united)
• Chromosomes - threadlike structures of DNA and protein containing genes
• Gene Variants - permanent changes in the DNA sequence
• Mechanisms of Heredity
  • Chromosomes
  • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
  • Genome (complete set of genes)
  • 4 nitrogenous bases for DNA : Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine
  • 4 nitrogenous bases for RNA : Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil
  • Genes — carry instructions for assembling proteins
• Challenges of Conception - Acidic environment, Female's immune system, Cilia movement, Wrong fallopian tube, sperm motility, and male infertility

Genes

• Genotype - set of genes
• Phenotype - observable traits
• Alleles - different variations of a gene
• Homozygous - inherited the same allele
• Heterozygous - inherited different alleles
• Dominant-Recessive Inheritance - single dominant allele can influence phenotype.
• Codominance - both alleles of a gene are expressed
• Incomplete Dominance - dominant allele is only partially expressed.
• Polygenic Inheritance - many genes combine to form a phenotype.
• Mitochondrial Inheritance - genes carried in the mitochondria.
• Multifactorial Inheritance - genotype and environment interact to produce phenotype.
• Niche-picking - actively selecting environments that match genetic predisposition

Genetic Disorders and Conditions

• Autosomal Dominant Disorders
• Autosomal Recessive Disorders
• X-Linked Dominant Disorders
• X-Linked Recessive Disorders
• Y-Linked Disorders
• Mitochondrial Disorders
• Chromosomal Errors

Prenatal Stage of Development

• Germinal Stage (0-14 days) - conception, cleavage, blastulation, implantation
• Embryonic Stage (3-8 weeks) - major organ development (organogenesis)
• Fetal Stage (9-38 weeks) - continued growth, development of organs, increased viability
  • Viability - ability to survive outside the uterus

Fetal Stage Milestones

• Weeks 9-12: fingerprints, reflexes, facial expressions
• Weeks 13-16: more defined features, increased movement
• Weeks 17-20: heartbeat audible, fetal movements felt by mother
• Weeks 21-24: lungs produce surfactant, viability possible; good chance of survival
• Weeks 25-28: rapid growth, significant chance of survival
• Weeks 29-32: rapid growth, continued maturation of organs
• Weeks 33-36: movement to head-down position, lungs mature; virtually 100% survival rate
• Weeks 37-38: full-term; well-developed organs

Labor and Delivery

• Stages of Labor:
  1. Dilation and Effacement
  2. Delivery of the Baby
  3. Afterbirth
• Types of Delivery - Vaginal (normal), Assisted Vaginal, Cesarean Section
• Associated Conditions: Placenta Previa, Breech Birth, Fetal Macrosomia, Uterine Fibroids, Labor not progressing, Umbilical Cord Prolapses, Placental Abruption, Hemorrhage/bleeding, Preeclampsia, Fetal Distress

Potential Problems at Birth

• Respiratory Distress Syndrome
• Anoxia (oxygen deprivation)
• Rh Factor Incompatibility
• Cranial Bleeding/Brain Damage

Social Environment after Birth

• Maternal Experiences
  • Maternity Blues
  • Postpartum Depression
• Paternal Experiences
  • Engrossment
• Sibling Experiences
  • Sibling Rivalry

Infancy: Physical Development

• Reflexes (involuntary responses)
• Sensory Capabilities
• States of Arousal (sleep, irregular sleep, drowsiness, alert inactivity, alert activity, crying)
• SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)
• Important milestones in terms of gross/fine motor skills
  • age-appropriate milestones
• Sensory development
  • vision
  • hearing
  • smell, taste, touch

Infancy: Cognitive Development

• Object Permanence - understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight
• Means-End Behavior - purposeful actions to achieve a goal
• Habituation - decreasing responsiveness to a repeated stimulus
• Sensorimotor stage - (0-2 years)
• Language Development
• Language Acquisition Device (LAD) Theory of Chomsky
• Behavioral Theory of Skinner
• Stages of Language Development in INFANTS

Infancy: Personality, Emotional, and Social Development

• Emotional Development
  • Emotional displays
  • Development of basic emotions: joy, anger, fear, surprise, sadness
  • Attachment: different attachment styles.
• Social Development - Social Referencing, Temperament, and Attachment

Cognitive Development

• Sensorimotor Stage - (birth to 2 years) - focusing on senses and actions.
• Preoperational Stage - (2 to 7 years) - thinking symbolically/ using words to represent objects, intuitive reasoning; egocentric thought.
• Concrete Operational Stage - (7 to 11 years) - understanding concrete events and relationships; logical thinking, conservation, classification.
• Formal Operational Stage - (11 years and beyond) - abstract reasoning, hypothetical thinking

Adolescent Identity

• Factors affecting identity development
• Identity diffusion – not exploring / committed
• Identity foreclosure – committed but not explored
• Identity moratorium – exploring but not committed
• Identity achievement – explored and committed
• Erickson's theory of Identity vs. Role Confusion
• Freud's theory of psychosexual stages

Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development

• Emerging Adulthood (18-25 years) - exploring identity, relationships & careers.
• Early Adulthood (25-40 years) - physical peak; identity & relationships.
• Middle Adulthood (40-65 years) - physical changes start; mid-life crisis, career and family adjustments.
• Late Adulthood (65+ years) - declining physical abilities; coping with loss.

Death and Dying

• Stages of Dying (Kübler-Ross): denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
• Grief and Bereavement - Bowlby's stages of grief; coping with loss
• Thanatology - study of death and dying

Parenting Styles and Child Wellness

• Parenting Dimensions - Responsiveness & Demandingness
• Parenting Styles - Authoritative, Permissive, Authoritarian, Uninvolved
• Cycle of Violence Hypothesis — a theory about how child abuse is possibly transmitted across generations
• Parenting Practices - Positive parenting strategies; setting clear expectations, supporting emotions, and providing guidance.
• Family Ties
  • Sibling Rivalry

Moral Development

• Kohlberg's stages of moral development
  • Preconventional
    • Punishment and obedience
    • Individualism and exchange
  • Conventional
    • Interpersonal expectations
    • Law and order
  • Postconventional
    • Social contract
    • Universal ethical principles
• Factors affecting moral development - empathy and role-taking
• Antisocial behavior, such as cyberbullying and delinquency.
• Conduct disorder

Test your knowledge on various human disorders, including precocious puberty, bulimia nervosa, and genetic conditions. This quiz covers risk factors, symptoms, and defining characteristics of several diseases. Perfect for biology students and enthusiasts looking to assess their understanding of these topics.