Biology Quiz: Enzymes and Protein Synthesis

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Questions and Answers

What role do enzymes play in chemical reactions?

They transform substrates into enzymes.

They slow down chemical reactions.

They act as organic catalysts to speed up reactions. (correct)

They increase activation energy requirements.

What is the result of extreme heat on enzyme function?

Enzymes increase their active site area.

Enzymes become more effective.

Enzymes multiply in number.

Enzymes denature and the substrate no longer fits. (correct)

Which of the following best describes the specificity of enzymes?

Enzymes can bind any substrate.

Enzymes can only function in the presence of DNA.

All enzymes work in the same reaction conditions.

Enzymes have an active site unique to their substrate. (correct)

Which molecule acts as a helper for DNA in protein synthesis?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Where are proteins synthesized within prokaryotic cells?

Ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

How do enzymes affect the activation energy of a reaction?

They lower the activation energy required. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for packaging proteins in prokaryotic cells?

Golgi apparatus Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of an enzyme being denatured?

The enzyme loses its ability to bind the substrate. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the genetic combination of alleles in an organism?

Genotype Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the observable characteristics expressed by a gene?

Phenotype Signup and view all the answers

What does a fully shaded shape represent in a pedigree chart?

An individual expressing the trait Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes homozygous alleles?

Alleles that are the same Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inheritance involves both alleles being expressed equally in the phenotype?

Codominance Signup and view all the answers

What is the genotypic ratio resulting from a monohybrid cross of heterozygous parents (Ee x Ee)?

1:2:1 Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of homologous chromosomes do humans have?

23 pairs Signup and view all the answers

What do we call the sex cells produced by meiosis?

Gametes Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements best describes a recessive allele?

It is expressed only when paired with another recessive allele. Signup and view all the answers

Which system is primarily responsible for slow communication through hormones?

Endocrine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the skeletal system?

Providing support and protection Signup and view all the answers

Which system is involved in gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide?

Respiratory Signup and view all the answers

In which organ system does the liver play a significant role?

Digestive Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organs is NOT part of the excretory system?

Lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of white blood cells in the immune system?

Defending against pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which system is responsible for contraction and movement?

Muscular Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the relationship of mutualism?

Both organisms benefit from the interaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the integumentary system?

Temperature control Signup and view all the answers

In the context of ecological relationships, what does competition refer to?

Struggle for limited resources Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

Synthesizing ATP through cellular respiration Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes prokaryotic cells?

They possess a single circular chromosome. Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs in chloroplasts?

Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes passive transport across the plasma membrane?

It occurs with the concentration gradient. Signup and view all the answers

What describes the state of a cell in a hypertonic solution?

The cell shrinks and can crenate. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?

They act as catalysts to accelerate reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of active transport?

It utilizes ATP to transport molecules. Signup and view all the answers

In which organelle is ATP produced?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of cellular respiration?

Conversion of glucose into ATP Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during osmosis?

The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Packaging and modifying proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is involved in maintaining homeostasis within a cell?

Plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecules move via bulk flow?

Large molecules such as proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of eukaryotic cells that distinguishes them from prokaryotic cells?

Presence of linear chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage decrease of energy as it moves up each trophic level?

10% Signup and view all the answers

What can happen if one trophic level is disrupted?

It causes a domino effect on other levels. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of excess CO2 in the atmosphere?

Increased global temperatures. Signup and view all the answers

What role do Rhizobium bacteria play in the nitrogen cycle?

They convert N2 into a usable form for plants. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of environmental change on biodiversity?

Reduction of ecosystem stability. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the ecosystem is affected by acid rain?

Soil and water pH. Signup and view all the answers

What can reduce the resilience of a population in an ecosystem?

High competition among species. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of producers in an ecosystem?

They convert solar energy into food. Signup and view all the answers

How does climate change affect oceanic conditions?

It leads to ocean acidification. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to food availability as energy decreases in trophic levels?

It decreases at higher levels. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of meiosis?

Reduction of diploid number to haploid number Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does crossing over occur?

Prophase I Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a phenotypic ratio from a dihybrid cross?

9:3:3:1 Signup and view all the answers

Which component is used in protein synthesis to transport amino acids?

tRNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of mutations in gametes?

They are the original source of genetic variation. Signup and view all the answers

What replaces thymine (T) in RNA during transcription?

Uracil (U) Signup and view all the answers

What kind of mutation does a frameshift result from?

Deletion or insertion of nucleotides Signup and view all the answers

Where does translation occur within the cell?

Ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes independent assortment?

Chromosomes are randomly assorted during cell division. Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation typically involves the change of a single nucleotide?

Substitution Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cell is primarily responsible for packaging proteins?

Golgi apparatus Signup and view all the answers

Which environmental stimuli can activate gene expression?

Temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of transcription in protein synthesis?

To create RNA from DNA Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the segregation of alleles?

Chromatids separate in meiosis. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Carbohydrates

Sugars are the primary energy source, produced in chloroplasts and broken down in mitochondria.
Starches and glycogen store energy short-term.
Cellulose forms cell walls.

Lipids

Fats, oils, and waxes store long-term energy.
Phospholipids are membrane components.
Steroids include vitamins, hormones, and cholesterol.

Proteins

Proteins catalyze reactions as enzymes.
They support growth, repair, and maintenance.
Proteins also serve functions like transport, contraction, defense, and communication (hormones/neurotransmitters).
Enzymes, hemoglobin, myoglobin, actin, and antibodies are examples of proteins.

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids like DNA store genetic information for new cells.
Nucleic acids control cell functions.
DNA is coiled into genes on chromosomes.
RNA assists DNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA).
RNA transfers instructions between nucleus and ribosomes.
DNA and RNA carry instructions for protein production and all cell functions.

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions are called enzymes.
They lower activation energy.
Enzymes are substrate-specific and recyclable.
Enzymes function best within optimum conditions, affected by changes like heat.
They are essential for cell function.
Inhibitors block enzyme functions while activators trigger them.

Prokaryotic Cells

Lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.
Have a single circular DNA chromosome.
Smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic Cells

Have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.
Have linear chromosomes.
Generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.

Endosymbiotic Theory

Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent prokaryotic cells.
These cells joined with other cells through predator-prey or mutualistic relationships.
Evidence includes their circular chromosomes and ribosomes, similar to prokaryotes.

Cellular Energy

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is a high-energy molecule.
Mitochondria synthesize ATP.
Cells use ATP for energy.

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose with solar energy.
Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis.

Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration converts glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water, releasing ATP.
Mitochondria are the site of most cellular respiration.
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen, producing 36-38 ATP.
Anaerobic respiration doesn't use oxygen, producing 2 ATP.

Plasma Membrane

The plasma membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
Passive transport (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion) doesn't require energy.
Active transport (pumps, bulk flow) requires energy.
Homeostasis is maintaining internal balance.

Sugars on the Cell Membrane

Sugars on the cell membrane act as cellular recognition molecules.

Viruses

Viruses consist of a protein coat around nucleic acids (DNA OR RNA).
Viruses need a host to replicate.
Viruses cause disease or death.
Viruses have high mutation rates.
Vaccines create antibodies to defend against viruses.

DNA Replication

DNA replication occurs during the S-phase of the cell cycle.
DNA polymerase catalyzes DNA replication using existing parent strands as templates.

Cell Cycle

The cell cycle is a sequence of stages where a cell grows, replicates its DNA, and divides.
The cycle has interphase (G1, S, G2 phases), mitosis (PMAT), and cytokinesis.

Mitosis

Mitosis is cell division that produces two diploid (identical) daughter cells.
Mitosis phases are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Cytokinesis follows mitosis to complete cell division.

Meiosis

Meiosis produces haploid gametes for sexual reproduction.
Four non-identical haploid (N) cells are produced, each containing half the number of the parent cell's chromosomes.

Genetics

Genes are DNA segments coding for proteins and traits.
Alleles are gene variations.
Dominant alleles mask recessive traits.
Homozygous means two identical alleles.
Heterozygous means two different alleles.
Genotype is the genetic combination; phenotype is the observed trait.
Mendelian genetics involves simple inheritance.
Non-Mendelian genetics includes complex inheritance patterns (incomplete dominance, codominance, etc.).

Gene Expression

Genes encode proteins through transcription and translation.
Genes can be activated (expressed) by changing environmental conditions.
Point mutations affect one nucleotide; frameshift mutations alter multiple codons.
Mutations can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.

Evolution

Evolution is change in allele frequencies over generations.
Natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation affect allele frequencies.

Plant Systems

Plants have shoot systems (stems, leaves, flowers) and root systems (roots), both involved in transport, photosynthesis, and reproduction processes.

Animal Systems

Animal systems work together for homeostasis.
Systems (nervous, endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, muscular, digestive, immune, excretory, integumentary, reproductive) carry out tasks of communication, maintenance, metabolic processes, and reproduction.

Ecosystem Interactions

Organisms interact for resources and survival.
Major relationships are competition, commensalism, mutualism, parasitism, and predation.

Disruptions to Environment

Changes in environments affect biodiversity and ecosystem stability.
Changes can lead to disruptions in matter cycles and trophic levels, impacting survival chances.
Biodiversity and ecosystem stability are linked, and disruptions can affect both.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the crucial roles that enzymes play in chemical reactions and their effect on activation energy. This quiz also covers concepts related to protein synthesis and the functioning of prokaryotic cells. Challenge yourself with questions about enzyme specificity, denaturation, and the synthesis locations of proteins.