Podcast
Questions and Answers
What role do enzymes play in chemical reactions?
What role do enzymes play in chemical reactions?
- They transform substrates into enzymes.
- They slow down chemical reactions.
- They act as organic catalysts to speed up reactions. (correct)
- They increase activation energy requirements.
What is the result of extreme heat on enzyme function?
What is the result of extreme heat on enzyme function?
- Enzymes increase their active site area.
- Enzymes become more effective.
- Enzymes multiply in number.
- Enzymes denature and the substrate no longer fits. (correct)
Which of the following best describes the specificity of enzymes?
Which of the following best describes the specificity of enzymes?
- Enzymes can bind any substrate.
- Enzymes can only function in the presence of DNA.
- All enzymes work in the same reaction conditions.
- Enzymes have an active site unique to their substrate. (correct)
Which molecule acts as a helper for DNA in protein synthesis?
Which molecule acts as a helper for DNA in protein synthesis?
Where are proteins synthesized within prokaryotic cells?
Where are proteins synthesized within prokaryotic cells?
How do enzymes affect the activation energy of a reaction?
How do enzymes affect the activation energy of a reaction?
Which structure is primarily responsible for packaging proteins in prokaryotic cells?
Which structure is primarily responsible for packaging proteins in prokaryotic cells?
What is the consequence of an enzyme being denatured?
What is the consequence of an enzyme being denatured?
What is the term for the genetic combination of alleles in an organism?
What is the term for the genetic combination of alleles in an organism?
Which term refers to the observable characteristics expressed by a gene?
Which term refers to the observable characteristics expressed by a gene?
What does a fully shaded shape represent in a pedigree chart?
What does a fully shaded shape represent in a pedigree chart?
Which of the following describes homozygous alleles?
Which of the following describes homozygous alleles?
Which type of inheritance involves both alleles being expressed equally in the phenotype?
Which type of inheritance involves both alleles being expressed equally in the phenotype?
What is the genotypic ratio resulting from a monohybrid cross of heterozygous parents (Ee x Ee)?
What is the genotypic ratio resulting from a monohybrid cross of heterozygous parents (Ee x Ee)?
How many pairs of homologous chromosomes do humans have?
How many pairs of homologous chromosomes do humans have?
What do we call the sex cells produced by meiosis?
What do we call the sex cells produced by meiosis?
Which of these statements best describes a recessive allele?
Which of these statements best describes a recessive allele?
Which system is primarily responsible for slow communication through hormones?
Which system is primarily responsible for slow communication through hormones?
What is the primary function of the skeletal system?
What is the primary function of the skeletal system?
Which system is involved in gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide?
Which system is involved in gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide?
In which organ system does the liver play a significant role?
In which organ system does the liver play a significant role?
Which of the following organs is NOT part of the excretory system?
Which of the following organs is NOT part of the excretory system?
What is the primary role of white blood cells in the immune system?
What is the primary role of white blood cells in the immune system?
Which system is responsible for contraction and movement?
Which system is responsible for contraction and movement?
Which of the following describes the relationship of mutualism?
Which of the following describes the relationship of mutualism?
What is the function of the integumentary system?
What is the function of the integumentary system?
In the context of ecological relationships, what does competition refer to?
In the context of ecological relationships, what does competition refer to?
What is the primary function of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?
What is the primary function of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?
Which statement accurately describes prokaryotic cells?
Which statement accurately describes prokaryotic cells?
What process occurs in chloroplasts?
What process occurs in chloroplasts?
What characterizes passive transport across the plasma membrane?
What characterizes passive transport across the plasma membrane?
What describes the state of a cell in a hypertonic solution?
What describes the state of a cell in a hypertonic solution?
Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?
Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?
What is a characteristic of active transport?
What is a characteristic of active transport?
In which organelle is ATP produced?
In which organelle is ATP produced?
What is the outcome of cellular respiration?
What is the outcome of cellular respiration?
What occurs during osmosis?
What occurs during osmosis?
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Which structure is involved in maintaining homeostasis within a cell?
Which structure is involved in maintaining homeostasis within a cell?
What type of molecules move via bulk flow?
What type of molecules move via bulk flow?
What is the characteristic of eukaryotic cells that distinguishes them from prokaryotic cells?
What is the characteristic of eukaryotic cells that distinguishes them from prokaryotic cells?
What is the percentage decrease of energy as it moves up each trophic level?
What is the percentage decrease of energy as it moves up each trophic level?
What can happen if one trophic level is disrupted?
What can happen if one trophic level is disrupted?
What is a potential consequence of excess CO2 in the atmosphere?
What is a potential consequence of excess CO2 in the atmosphere?
What role do Rhizobium bacteria play in the nitrogen cycle?
What role do Rhizobium bacteria play in the nitrogen cycle?
Which of the following is a consequence of environmental change on biodiversity?
Which of the following is a consequence of environmental change on biodiversity?
Which component of the ecosystem is affected by acid rain?
Which component of the ecosystem is affected by acid rain?
What can reduce the resilience of a population in an ecosystem?
What can reduce the resilience of a population in an ecosystem?
What is the main role of producers in an ecosystem?
What is the main role of producers in an ecosystem?
How does climate change affect oceanic conditions?
How does climate change affect oceanic conditions?
What happens to food availability as energy decreases in trophic levels?
What happens to food availability as energy decreases in trophic levels?
What is the primary outcome of meiosis?
What is the primary outcome of meiosis?
During which phase does crossing over occur?
During which phase does crossing over occur?
What is an example of a phenotypic ratio from a dihybrid cross?
What is an example of a phenotypic ratio from a dihybrid cross?
Which component is used in protein synthesis to transport amino acids?
Which component is used in protein synthesis to transport amino acids?
What is the significance of mutations in gametes?
What is the significance of mutations in gametes?
What replaces thymine (T) in RNA during transcription?
What replaces thymine (T) in RNA during transcription?
What kind of mutation does a frameshift result from?
What kind of mutation does a frameshift result from?
Where does translation occur within the cell?
Where does translation occur within the cell?
Which of the following describes independent assortment?
Which of the following describes independent assortment?
What type of mutation typically involves the change of a single nucleotide?
What type of mutation typically involves the change of a single nucleotide?
Which part of the cell is primarily responsible for packaging proteins?
Which part of the cell is primarily responsible for packaging proteins?
Which environmental stimuli can activate gene expression?
Which environmental stimuli can activate gene expression?
What is the main function of transcription in protein synthesis?
What is the main function of transcription in protein synthesis?
What occurs during the segregation of alleles?
What occurs during the segregation of alleles?
Flashcards
Prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells
Cells that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They are typically smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells.
Where are proteins made?
Where are proteins made?
Proteins are synthesized (made) in ribosomes, which are small organelles found in the cytoplasm.
What is the role of the rough ER?
What is the role of the rough ER?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membrane-bound sacs that helps in protein folding and transport.
What does the Golgi Apparatus do?
What does the Golgi Apparatus do?
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What are enzymes?
What are enzymes?
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What is the active site of an enzyme?
What is the active site of an enzyme?
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What is a substrate in an enzyme reaction?
What is a substrate in an enzyme reaction?
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What affects enzyme activity?
What affects enzyme activity?
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Gene
Gene
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Allele
Allele
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Dominant
Dominant
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Recessive
Recessive
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Homozygous
Homozygous
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Heterozygous
Heterozygous
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Genotype
Genotype
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Phenotype
Phenotype
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Homologous chromosomes
Homologous chromosomes
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Gametes
Gametes
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Nervous System Communication
Nervous System Communication
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Endocrine System Communication
Endocrine System Communication
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Circulatory System Function
Circulatory System Function
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Respiratory System Function
Respiratory System Function
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Digestive System Function
Digestive System Function
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Excretory System Function
Excretory System Function
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Integumentary System Function
Integumentary System Function
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Competition in Ecology
Competition in Ecology
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Commensalism in Ecology
Commensalism in Ecology
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Mutualism in Ecology
Mutualism in Ecology
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Energy Loss in Trophic Levels
Energy Loss in Trophic Levels
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Trophic Levels
Trophic Levels
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Producers
Producers
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Primary Consumers
Primary Consumers
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Secondary Consumers
Secondary Consumers
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Tertiary Consumers
Tertiary Consumers
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Decomposers
Decomposers
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Carbon Cycle
Carbon Cycle
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Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
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Environmental Change
Environmental Change
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Catalyst
Catalyst
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Enzymes
Enzymes
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Inhibitors
Inhibitors
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Activators
Activators
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Enzyme-substrate complex
Enzyme-substrate complex
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Cell
Cell
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Eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus
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Vesicles and Vacuoles
Vesicles and Vacuoles
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Mitochondria
Mitochondria
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Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
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Endosymbiotic Theory
Endosymbiotic Theory
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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
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Meiosis
Meiosis
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Crossing Over
Crossing Over
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Independent Assortment
Independent Assortment
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Segregation of Alleles
Segregation of Alleles
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Dihybrid Cross
Dihybrid Cross
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Transcription
Transcription
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Translation
Translation
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Interpreting the Genetic Code
Interpreting the Genetic Code
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Cell Differentiation
Cell Differentiation
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Mutation
Mutation
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Point (Gene) Mutation
Point (Gene) Mutation
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Chromosomal Mutation
Chromosomal Mutation
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Mutations in Gametes
Mutations in Gametes
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Study Notes
Carbohydrates
- Sugars are the primary energy source, produced in chloroplasts and broken down in mitochondria.
- Starches and glycogen store energy short-term.
- Cellulose forms cell walls.
Lipids
- Fats, oils, and waxes store long-term energy.
- Phospholipids are membrane components.
- Steroids include vitamins, hormones, and cholesterol.
Proteins
- Proteins catalyze reactions as enzymes.
- They support growth, repair, and maintenance.
- Proteins also serve functions like transport, contraction, defense, and communication (hormones/neurotransmitters).
- Enzymes, hemoglobin, myoglobin, actin, and antibodies are examples of proteins.
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleic acids like DNA store genetic information for new cells.
- Nucleic acids control cell functions.
- DNA is coiled into genes on chromosomes.
- RNA assists DNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA).
- RNA transfers instructions between nucleus and ribosomes.
- DNA and RNA carry instructions for protein production and all cell functions.
Enzymes
- Proteins that speed up chemical reactions are called enzymes.
- They lower activation energy.
- Enzymes are substrate-specific and recyclable.
- Enzymes function best within optimum conditions, affected by changes like heat.
- They are essential for cell function.
- Inhibitors block enzyme functions while activators trigger them.
Prokaryotic Cells
- Lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.
- Have a single circular DNA chromosome.
- Smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic Cells
- Have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.
- Have linear chromosomes.
- Generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.
Endosymbiotic Theory
- Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent prokaryotic cells.
- These cells joined with other cells through predator-prey or mutualistic relationships.
- Evidence includes their circular chromosomes and ribosomes, similar to prokaryotes.
Cellular Energy
- ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is a high-energy molecule.
- Mitochondria synthesize ATP.
- Cells use ATP for energy.
Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose with solar energy.
- Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis.
Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration converts glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water, releasing ATP.
- Mitochondria are the site of most cellular respiration.
- Aerobic respiration uses oxygen, producing 36-38 ATP.
- Anaerobic respiration doesn't use oxygen, producing 2 ATP.
Plasma Membrane
- The plasma membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
- Passive transport (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion) doesn't require energy.
- Active transport (pumps, bulk flow) requires energy.
- Homeostasis is maintaining internal balance.
Sugars on the Cell Membrane
- Sugars on the cell membrane act as cellular recognition molecules.
Viruses
- Viruses consist of a protein coat around nucleic acids (DNA OR RNA).
- Viruses need a host to replicate.
- Viruses cause disease or death.
- Viruses have high mutation rates.
- Vaccines create antibodies to defend against viruses.
DNA Replication
- DNA replication occurs during the S-phase of the cell cycle.
- DNA polymerase catalyzes DNA replication using existing parent strands as templates.
Cell Cycle
- The cell cycle is a sequence of stages where a cell grows, replicates its DNA, and divides.
- The cycle has interphase (G1, S, G2 phases), mitosis (PMAT), and cytokinesis.
Mitosis
- Mitosis is cell division that produces two diploid (identical) daughter cells.
- Mitosis phases are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
- Cytokinesis follows mitosis to complete cell division.
Meiosis
- Meiosis produces haploid gametes for sexual reproduction.
- Four non-identical haploid (N) cells are produced, each containing half the number of the parent cell's chromosomes.
Genetics
- Genes are DNA segments coding for proteins and traits.
- Alleles are gene variations.
- Dominant alleles mask recessive traits.
- Homozygous means two identical alleles.
- Heterozygous means two different alleles.
- Genotype is the genetic combination; phenotype is the observed trait.
- Mendelian genetics involves simple inheritance.
- Non-Mendelian genetics includes complex inheritance patterns (incomplete dominance, codominance, etc.).
Gene Expression
- Genes encode proteins through transcription and translation.
- Genes can be activated (expressed) by changing environmental conditions.
- Point mutations affect one nucleotide; frameshift mutations alter multiple codons.
- Mutations can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.
Evolution
- Evolution is change in allele frequencies over generations.
- Natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation affect allele frequencies.
Plant Systems
- Plants have shoot systems (stems, leaves, flowers) and root systems (roots), both involved in transport, photosynthesis, and reproduction processes.
Animal Systems
- Animal systems work together for homeostasis.
- Systems (nervous, endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, muscular, digestive, immune, excretory, integumentary, reproductive) carry out tasks of communication, maintenance, metabolic processes, and reproduction.
Ecosystem Interactions
- Organisms interact for resources and survival.
- Major relationships are competition, commensalism, mutualism, parasitism, and predation.
Disruptions to Environment
- Changes in environments affect biodiversity and ecosystem stability.
- Changes can lead to disruptions in matter cycles and trophic levels, impacting survival chances.
- Biodiversity and ecosystem stability are linked, and disruptions can affect both.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the crucial roles that enzymes play in chemical reactions and their effect on activation energy. This quiz also covers concepts related to protein synthesis and the functioning of prokaryotic cells. Challenge yourself with questions about enzyme specificity, denaturation, and the synthesis locations of proteins.
