Biology Quiz: Diffusion and Transport Mechanisms

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary driving force behind the process of diffusion?

  • Active transport of molecules
  • Spontaneous kinetic movements of particles (correct)
  • Size of the membrane openings
  • Concentration gradients

Which of the following molecules can diffuse through the lipid matrix of cell membranes?

  • Oxygen (correct)
  • Potassium ions (K+)
  • Sodium ions (Na+)
  • Glucose

How does facilitated diffusion differ from simple diffusion?

  • Simple diffusion uses specific protein channels.
  • Facilitated diffusion requires ATP energy.
  • Molecules move in the opposite direction in facilitated diffusion.
  • Facilitated diffusion involves a transport molecule. (correct)

What effect does environmental temperature have on the rate of diffusion?

<p>It has no effect on the rate of diffusion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best process for glucose to cross cell membranes in a diabetic client lacking insulin?

<p>Facilitated diffusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are diuretics less effective in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD)?

<p>Their action depends on the filtration ability of kidneys (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option best describes a characteristic of secondary active transport?

<p>It requires specific transport proteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What allows glucose to accumulate in the blood of a diabetic patient?

<p>Insufficient glucose transporters in cell membranes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of phagocytosis?

<p>Provides a mechanism for the engulfment and destruction of microorganisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario describes exocytosis?

<p>The release of substances synthesized by the cell into the extracellular fluid. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding diffusion?

<p>It results in equal distribution of substances across the cell membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cells are primarily involved in phagocytosis?

<p>Macrophages and neutrophils. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do ion channels play in cellular function?

<p>They allow selective movement of ions across the membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during phagocytosis?

<p>Microorganisms are engulfed and degraded. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the process of cotransport?

<p>It requires the simultaneous transport of two substances across the cell membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies the role of lysosomal enzymes?

<p>They are involved in the destruction of particles after phagocytosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of endothelial cells in the inflammatory response?

<p>To regulate leukocyte extravasation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are characterized as the primary early responders in the inflammation process?

<p>Neutrophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a localized cardinal sign of acute inflammation?

<p>Redness and edema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do activated platelets have during the inflammatory response?

<p>Release inflammatory mediators (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell has greater phagocytic ability after maturing from monocytes?

<p>Macrophages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cellular mechanism primarily contributes to the process of angiogenesis during chronic inflammation?

<p>Proliferation of blood vessels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected half-life of circulating monocytes before migrating to an injury site?

<p>About a day (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options best describes a symptom of systemic inflammation?

<p>Increased white blood cell count (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a blue-colored line along the gum margins of a school-aged child most likely indicate?

<p>Exposure to lead (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best explains the cause of aortic stenosis in the elderly?

<p>Atherosclerosis leads to calcification of heart valves over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism responsible for the formation of a blue lead line in gum margins?

<p>Heavy metal accumulation in the bloodstream (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a true characteristic of aortic valve calcification?

<p>It is frequently associated with a history of atherosclerosis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would NOT typically indicate liver problems in a patient?

<p>Blue-colored gum margins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Metastatic calcification is predominantly linked with which condition?

<p>Chronic renal failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When assessing a patient with suspected lead poisoning, which of the following should be the focus of the nurse’s inquiry?

<p>Exposure to lead in the environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT contribute to damage in heart valves?

<p>Drinking large quantities of water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells are considered to be permanently in the G0 phase and do not reenter the cell cycle?

<p>Neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of cyclins in the cell cycle?

<p>To control the entry and progression of cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During adverse environmental conditions, which state may cells enter when they cease to divide?

<p>G0 phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could trigger cells in G0 to reenter the cell cycle?

<p>Extracellular signals like growth factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are continuously dividing and do not enter G0 frequently?

<p>Skin cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is careful examination necessary for a febrile 3-week-old infant?

<p>Infants are susceptible to serious infections because of their decreased immune function. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a small elevation in body temperature have during a fever?

<p>It enhances immune function. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a misconception about fever in infants?

<p>Antipyretics are ineffective in infants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common risk for neonates with fever?

<p>Serious bacterial infections. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of disorders can fever in neonates sometimes indicate?

<p>Congenital disorders. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the fever response change with aging?

<p>Fever in the elderly can occur without increased body temperature. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What background knowledge is essential when assessing fever in infants?

<p>Infants are capable of significant self-regulation of temperature. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason antipyretics are used in managing fever?

<p>They lower core body temperature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Diffusion

The passive movement of molecules from a higher concentration area to a lower concentration area, driven by kinetic energy.

Facilitated diffusion

Movement of molecules across a membrane with the help of transport proteins, still passive.

Simple diffusion

Molecules moving across a membrane without the help of transport proteins, also driven by a concentration gradient.

Hyperglycemia

High blood sugar levels; often associated with inadequate insulin.

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Glucose transporters

Proteins in cell membranes that facilitate the movement of glucose into cells.

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Type 1 Diabetes

A condition where the body doesn't produce enough insulin; thus, impacting glucose transport.

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Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis where a cell engulfs a substance or another cell. Not mentioned directly in the context of facilitated diffusion, but a cellular process.

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Transport molecules in facilitated diffusion

Proteins facilitating the passage of a substance across a membrane.

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Chronic inflammation

Inflammation lasting for days to years. It involves angiogenesis, tissue necrosis, and fibrosis (scarring).

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Angiogenesis

The formation of new blood vessels, a characteristic of chronic inflammation.

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Tissue necrosis

Cell death due to injury or disease, common in chronic inflammation.

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Fibrosis

The formation of scar tissue, a repair process that can occur in chronic inflammation.

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Endothelial cells

Cells lining blood vessels. They control leukocyte extravasation and communicate with immune system.

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Leukocyte extravasation

White blood cells (leukocytes) leaving blood vessels to reach the site of inflammation.

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Platelet activation

Platelets become active in response to injury, releasing inflammatory mediators.

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Chemotactic

Attracting cells, like neutrophils to the site of inflammation.

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What is phagocytosis?

Phagocytosis is a process where cells engulf and destroy microorganisms, damaged cells, or other particles.

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What are phagocytes?

Phagocytes are cells that perform phagocytosis, such as macrophages and neutrophils.

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What is cotransport?

Cotransport is a process where the movement of one molecule across a membrane is coupled with the movement of another molecule.

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What is diffusion?

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

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What are ion channels?

Ion channels are proteins that form open pathways through cell membranes, allowing ions to move.

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What is exocytosis?

Exocytosis is a process where cells release substances from within into the extracellular fluid.

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What are secretory granules?

Secretory granules are membrane-bound sacs inside cells that contain substances to be released by exocytosis.

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What does exocytosis release?

Exocytosis releases cellular debris and synthesized substances like hormones.

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Lead Line

A blue-colored line along the gum margins, indicating lead poisoning.

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Aortic Stenosis

A heart condition where the aortic valve narrows, restricting blood flow.

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Dystrophic Calcification

The deposition of calcium salts in damaged tissue.

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Atherosclerosis

A disease that involves narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup.

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Calcification of Aortic Valve

A buildup of calcium on the aortic valve, a common cause of aortic stenosis in older people.

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Lead Poisoning

A condition caused by exposure to lead, affecting various bodily systems, including the gums.

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Metastatic Calcification

A condition where calcium deposits in normal tissues due to high blood calcium levels.

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Causes of Aortic Stenosis

Aortic stenosis can be caused by various factors, including calcification, congenital heart defects, and rheumatic fever.

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G0 Phase

A resting state in which cells exit the cell cycle, becoming mitotically quiescent. Cells may re-enter the cell cycle driven by external signals.

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Terminally Differentiated Cells

Highly specialized cells which have reached their final functional state and do not divide further.

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Cell Cycle Control

The regulation of the cell cycle, ensuring proper progression through each phase.

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Cyclins

Proteins that regulate entry and progression through the cell cycle.

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Mutation in Mitosis

A change in the DNA sequence during cell division.

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Fever in Infants

In infants, even a slight fever can indicate a serious infection due to their immature immune system.

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Fever in Neonates

Neonates (newborn babies) are especially at risk for serious infections like bacteremia or meningitis, even if their fever is low.

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Fever in Elderly

Elderly individuals can have a muted fever response, meaning they might not have a high temperature despite a serious infection.

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Antipyretics in Infants

Antipyretics, medications that lower fever, are effective in treating fever in infants, even though they may not always lower the core temperature.

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Fever and Immune Function

Moderate fever can actually enhance immune function by helping the body fight off infection.

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Infants and Thermoregulation

Infants are capable of thermoregulation (regulating body temperature).

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Fever and Congenital Disorders

Fever in newborns isn't necessarily a sign of a congenital disorder (birth defect).

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Virulent Organisms and Infections

Younger children are more likely to get infected with virulent organisms, which are microbes that can cause serious illness.

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Study Notes

Diffusion

  • Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.
  • This movement is driven by the spontaneous kinetic energy of the molecules.
  • Lipid-soluble molecules (e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol) can diffuse through cell membranes.
  • The rate of diffusion depends on the number of diffusing particles, particle movement, and membrane openings.
  • Temperature does not affect the rate of diffusion.

Hyperglycemia and Glucose Transport

  • Hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetes results from insufficient insulin, reducing glucose transporter availability in cell membranes.
  • Glucose accumulates in the blood due to lack of intracellular glucose.
  • Facilitated diffusion is the best process for glucose to cross cell membranes.
  • It involves transport proteins carrying glucose across the membrane.

Phagocytosis

  • Phagocytosis is the engulfment and destruction of microorganisms and other particulate matter.
  • Cells like macrophages and neutrophils are skilled at phagocytosis.
  • It's different from diffusion, which is movement from high to low concentration.
  • It is a significant mechanism of immune defense.

Exocytosis

  • Exocytosis releases granular contents into extracellular fluid.
  • This occurs when secretory granules fuse with the cell membrane.
  • The granules contain cellular debris and substances like hormones, releasing them into the surroundings.

Lead Poisoning Diagnosis

  • A blue line along gum margins is a sign of lead poisoning in children.
  • Other signs include liver problems exhibited as jaundice, and cyanosis associated with congenital heart problems.
  • History of exposure to lead should be investigated.

Aortic Stenosis

  • Aortic stenosis in the elderly is often due to atherosclerosis, a long-term process leading to calcification of heart valves.
  • Drinking dairy products, thyroid problems, and calcium loss from bone do not cause the condition.
  • Dystrophic calcification is the deposition of calcium salts in damaged tissues.

Metastatic Calcification

  • Metastatic calcification is not directly described in the text, only information pertaining to inflammatory responses is available.

Inflammation Cardinal Signs

  • Localized signs of acute inflammation include redness and swelling (edema) at the injured site, along with heat.
  • Neutrophils are the primary early inflammatory cells.
  • Temperature elevations and fatigue are systemic signs.

Fever Response in Infants and Elderly

  • Fever in infants involves a more careful evaluation and assessment.
  • This is due to infants' underdeveloped immune response mechanisms.
  • The elderly may not have the same fever response due to altered neuronal function.
  • Fever is not inherently harmful for small elevations in temperature.
  • Blood cultures may be positive regardless of normal temperature.

Mitosis and Mutations

  • Mutations during mitosis, specifically in bone marrow cells, can result from disruptions in the cell cycle control mechanisms.
  • Crucial proteins like cyclins regulate cell cycle progression.
  • Failures in cyclins can lead to mutations in progenitor and stem cells and ultimately in the DNA that is passed on.

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