Biology Quiz: Cells, Genetics, and Evolution

Basic Unit of Life: Cells are the fundamental units of all living organisms.
Types of Cells:
- Prokaryotic: No nucleus, smaller, single-celled (e.g., bacteria).
- Eukaryotic: Nucleus present, larger, can be single-celled or multicellular (e.g., plants, animals).
Cell Structure:
- Plasma membrane: Semi-permeable barrier.
- Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA).
- Organelles: Specialized structures (e.g., mitochondria for energy, ribosomes for protein synthesis).

DNA Structure: Double helix, composed of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine).
Gene: A segment of DNA that codes for a protein.
Alleles: Different forms of a gene (dominant, recessive).
Inheritance Patterns:
- Mendelian: Simple dominant/recessive traits.
- Non-Mendelian: Incomplete dominance, codominance, polygenic traits.

Natural Selection: Mechanism by which individuals with favorable traits survive and reproduce.
Adaptation: Traits that enhance survival and reproduction in a specific environment.
Speciation: The process by which new species arise, often due to geographic isolation or environmental changes.

Ecosystem: A community of living organisms and their physical environment interacting as a system.
Biomes: Major ecological areas (e.g., tundra, rainforest, desert).
Food Chain/Web: Shows energy flow through trophic levels (producers, consumers, decomposers).

Homeostasis: The maintenance of stable internal conditions (temperature, pH, etc.).
Organ Systems:
- Circulatory: Transports blood and nutrients.
- Respiratory: Facilitates gas exchange.
- Nervous: Coordinates responses and processes information.
- Endocrine: Regulates body functions through hormones.

Bacteria: Prokaryotic organisms, can be beneficial or pathogenic.
Viruses: Non-cellular entities that require a host to replicate.
Fungi: Eukaryotic organisms, can decompose organic material and include yeasts and molds.

Photosynthesis: Process by which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy (glucose).
Plant Structures:
- Roots: Absorb water and nutrients.
- Stems: Support and transport.
- Leaves: Primary site for photosynthesis.

Animal Classification:
- Vertebrates: Animals with a backbone (e.g., mammals, birds, reptiles).
- Invertebrates: Animals without a backbone (e.g., insects, mollusks).
Animal Behavior: Study of how animals interact with their environment and each other (e.g., mating rituals, foraging).

Genetic Engineering: Manipulating an organism's DNA for desired traits (e.g., CRISPR technology).
Cloning: Producing genetically identical organisms.
Biopharmaceuticals: Using biological systems to develop drugs.

Biodiversity: Variety of life in the world or a particular habitat.
Endangered Species: Species at risk of extinction due to habitat loss, pollution, or other factors.
Conservation Strategies: Protected areas, wildlife corridors, breeding programs.

Cells are the basic units of life, forming all living organisms.
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, are smaller, and are typically single-celled, such as bacteria.
Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus, are larger, and can be either single-celled or multicellular, including plants and animals.
The plasma membrane serves as a semi-permeable barrier for cell contents.
The nucleus contains the cell's genetic material (DNA).
Organelles perform specialized functions; mitochondria generate energy while ribosomes synthesize proteins.

DNA has a double helix structure, made of nucleotides: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
Genes are segments of DNA that encode proteins.
Alleles are variations of a gene, with dominant and recessive forms influencing traits.
Inheritance patterns include:
- Mendelian inheritance, characterized by simple dominant and recessive traits.
- Non-Mendelian inheritance, which includes incomplete dominance, codominance, and traits controlled by multiple genes (polygenic).

Natural selection favors individuals with advantageous traits, leading to their increased survival and reproduction.
Adaptation refers to traits that improve an organism's chances in a specific environment.
Speciation is the emergence of new species, often due to geographic isolation or environmental changes.

An ecosystem consists of communities of living organisms interacting with their physical environment.
Biomes are distinct ecological areas characterized by specific climates and ecosystems, such as tundras, rainforests, and deserts.
Food chains and food webs illustrate the flow of energy through different trophic levels: producers, consumers, and decomposers.

Homeostasis is the process of maintaining stable internal conditions like temperature and pH.
Major organ systems include:
- Circulatory system, responsible for transporting blood and nutrients.
- Respiratory system, facilitating gas exchange.
- Nervous system, coordinating bodily responses and processing information.
- Endocrine system, regulating functions through hormones.

Bacteria are prokaryotic microorganisms that can be either beneficial or harmful.
Viruses are non-cellular entities that replicate only within a host organism.
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that decompose organic material, including encompassing yeasts and molds.

Photosynthesis is how plants convert sunlight into chemical energy (glucose).
Key plant structures include:
- Roots, which absorb water and essential nutrients.
- Stems, providing support and facilitating transport.
- Leaves, serving as the primary site for photosynthesis.

Animals are classified into vertebrates (with backbones, including mammals and birds) and invertebrates (without backbones, like insects and mollusks).
Animal behavior involves studying interactions among animals and their environment, including activities such as mating rituals and foraging.

Genetic engineering involves altering an organism's DNA to achieve specific traits, exemplified by CRISPR technology.
Cloning is the process of creating genetically identical organisms.
Biopharmaceuticals leverage biological systems to produce therapeutic drugs.

Biodiversity signifies the variety of life forms within a particular habitat or globally.
Endangered species are at risk of extinction, often due to habitat loss and pollution.
Conservation strategies aim to protect biodiversity through designated areas, wildlife corridors, and animal breeding programs.