Biology Questions

Biology Reference Material for Class X

• Study notes for class X biology board for 2018 are presented.
• Material adheres to CBSE guidelines and syllabus for 2017-18.
• Topics are presented simply, including NCERT textbook questions and exercises with answers.
• Introduces easy questions before Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) to build confidence.
• Thanks are given to various educational figures for motivation and encouragement.
• M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths), is credited as the individual who prepared these notes
• Acknowledgment of the support provided by M. S. Kumarswamy in creating the study material.
• Notes should be error free, and is open for feedback and corrections via email at [email protected].

Life Processes

• Maintenance of living organisms proceeds while being physically inactive
• Life processes include activites performed by organs to maintain the body.
• Nutrition is the process of gaining energy through food consumption.
• Respiration is the process of acquiring oxygen for cells to break down organic substances.
• Transportation is the process of carrying food and oxygen between organs.
• Excretion is the process of metabolic waste removal from the body.
• Diffusion is insufficient for humans because they have complex body designs and the cells are not in direct contact with the environment, therefore, specialized cells and tissues are needed for food and oxygen.
• Visible movements like breathing are generally used to determine if something is alive.
• Life processes has to be present to consider a thing alive.
• Raw materials from outside, mostly in the form of food and oxygen, are used by organisms.
• Processes include nutrition and excretion.

Nutrition

• Nutrition is the process by which an organism takes food and utilizes it.
• Organisms needs energy from nutrients for growth and repair and to perform various activities.
• Nutrients are materials which provide nutrition to organisms.
• Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the main nutrients (macronutrients).
• Minerals and vitamins are required in small amounts (micronutrients).

Types of nutrition

• Autotrophic: Organism prepares its own food (e.g., green plants, blue-green algae).
• Heterotrophic: Organism takes food from another organism. Includes all organisms other than green plants and blue-green algae.
• Autotrophic organisms produce organic matter from inorganic materials, requiring an energy source.
  • Photoautotroph's harvest energy from light to produce organic matter.
  • Chemoautotrophs use energy from inorganic reactions in the environment to create organic matter.
• Heterotrophic nutrition is typical of animals that eat organic matter, acting as hunters or scavengers.
  • Saprotrophic organisms digest dead materials using secreted enzymes, exemplified by fungi and many bacteria.
  • Parasites feed on living organisms without killing them.

Additional Heterotrophic Info

• Saprophytic nutrition involves secreting digestive juices onto food, digesting it externally, and then ingesting the digested food. All decomposers and some insects follow this mode.
• Holozoic nutrition involves digestion inside the organism after food ingestion, as followed by most animals.
• The holozoic nutrition has five steps, viz. ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion.
• In holozoic nutrition, the digestion of food happens inside the body of the organism, after ingestion.

Nutrition in Amoeba

• Amoeba follows holozoic nutrition.
• The cell membrane of amoeba protrudes into pseudopodia where it surrounds a food particle and makes a food vacuole containing the food and water.
• Digestive enzymes are secreted into the food vacuole, followed by the absorption of digested food and the expulsion of undigested food.

Nutrition in Human Beings

• Human complex digestive system is composed of an alimentary canal and accessory glands.
• The alimentary canal includes the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.
• Accessory glands, lying outside the canal, are salivary glands, liver, and pancreas.
• The mouth contains teeth, tongue, and salivary glands; tongue has gustatory receptors for taste and aids in mixing food with saliva.
• Teeth break down food into smaller particles where there are four types of teeth, viz. incisor, canine teeth, premolars, and molars. The salivary glands secrete saliva which makes the food slippery for easy swallowing, and digestion of starch and formation of sucrose digestion.
• The teeth used for cutting the food are the inscisor teeth.
• The canine teeth are used for tearing the food.
• The premolars are used for coarse grinding of food.
• The molars are used for fine grinding of food.
• The Stomach highly muscular walls help in churning food
• The stomach secrete hydrochloric acid to kill germs and provide acidic medium for enzymes. -Pepsin enzymes secreted in the stomach does partial digestion of protein. -Mucus protects stomach lining from hydrochloric acid.
• The small intestine is a highly coiled tube divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
• The liver: the largest organ which manufactures and stores bile in the gall bladder.. Bile is released as required.
• The pancreas is located below the stomach it secretes pancreatic juice containing many digestive enzymes.

Enzymes in the System

• Bile breaks down fat into smaller particles (emulsification).
• Lipase digests fat into fatty acids and glycerol.
• Trypsin and chymotrypsin are the enzymes which digest protein into the amino acids.
• Complex carbohydrates are digested into glucose.
• The Duodenum has major digestion, whereas the jejunum has no digestion.
• The ileum increases surface area through villi for optimum absorption while also reducing the lumen to increase food duration.
• Villi in the ileum absorb digested food.

Intestinal Questions

• Autotrophs use simple inorganic raw materials and water, heterotrophs obtain food directly or indirectly from autotrophs.
• Autotrophs presence includes green pigment (chlorophyll), heterotrophs needs no pigment.
• Autotrophs food is generally prepared during the day, heterotrophs can be prepared at all times.
• Autotrophs such as all green plants have that type of nutrition and some bacteria and all animals and most fungi have heterotrophic nutrition. Photosynthesis Requires: -Raw material CO2 enter from atmosphere through stomata.
• Water is to be absorbed from soil by the plant roots Sunlight to manufacture food, is absorbed by the chlorophyll and other green parts of the plants.
• Hydrochloric acid dissolves food and creates acidic medium; enzyme pepsinogen is converted to pepsin, which is for protein digesting.
• Hydrochloric acid kills harmful microbes, preventing infections of the digestive tract. Digestive enzymes break down complex food particles into simpler ones for easy absorption.
• Millions of villi in the small intestine increases surface area for efficient food absorption and many blood vessels are present to absorb and carry the food to the cells.

Respiration

• Respiration utilizes food to get energy, involving oxidation of carbohydrate.
• The process of respiration occurs in the mitochondria and energy obtained is stored as ATP.
• Steps involve* : -Breaking down glucose in the cytoplasm making pyruvic acid (six carbon molecules). -Pyruvic acid breaking occurs further in the mitochondria and the molecules depend on type of respiration type.
• Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration Types* : -Aerobic respiration happens in the oxygenated presence, pyruvic gas forming carbondioxide, water and releasing energy. -Anaerobic respiration happens as the absence of oxygen presence. The production of pyruvic gas either results in ethyl alcohol and lactic acid. (Example ethyl being anaerobically repirated in bacteria).
• Anaerobic Considerations* : -Excess pain occurs during running, compensated by anaerobic respiration to create lactic acid. The lactic acid gives the pain for the run.
• For aerobic respiration organisms need constant oxygen supply, and removal of carbon.
• For diffusion organisms use different methods for consuming oxygen and carbon expulsion.

Human Respiration Specifics

• Gills are respiratory organs for fishes to take from oxygen from water. Lower oxygen aquatic life has a faster breathing rate.
• Insects use spiracles and tracheae (for oxygen intake).
• Terrestrial have developed lungs with a decrease in breathing rate compared to fishes. Lungs are attached to tubes with an opening outside of the nostrils. Nostrils: inner lining in nostrils are hairs and mucus, which help filter the exhaled air. Air is warmed up when entering nasal passage. The pharynx has a tube structure, to which air continues after nasal passage Larynx: voice box Trachea: ring cartilages
• -bronchi: exits from the trachea , from each lung bronchus, with bronchioles divide
• --alveoli: air saxs and blood capillares Breathing mechanism is controlled by the diaphragm/intercostal muscles. Breathing mechanism: As the diaphragm proceeds down the lungs and expands and air gets inhaled. When a diaphragm proceeds up, the lungs contracts and air is exhaled.

Intestinal Qs

• Terrestrial organisms obtain oxygen from air, whereas aquatic organisms obtain it from water.

• Glucose is oxidized by breaking down into pyruvate, and further broken down differently to provide energy.

• Hemoglobin transports oxygen in human beings, carrying it to the cells for cellular respiration and transporting carbon dioxide back to the lungs.

• Exchange of gases occurs in alveoli, where blood of surrounded capillaries and gases preent exchanges, and inhalation as ribs are lifted up and diaphragm is flattened increases area for gasesous exhange.

Animals

• The circulatory system transports substances, composed of heart, arteries, veins and capillaries. Blood carries the substances
• heart is a muscular that pumps blood -- human heart has four chamber. Left ventricle, right ventricle, right auricle, left auricle
• Systole: contract of cardiac muscles
• Diastole: relax of cardiac muscles
• arteries: thick walls that carry oxygenated blood from heart to organs. NOTE: pulmonary arteries is an exception because of deoxygenated blood is carried from heart to lungs.
• veins: carry oxygenated blood from different organs to heart
• capillaries: vessels that have walls with single cell
• blood is a connective tissue and carrier for substance. The parts that consist of it are blood cells, plasma and platelets
• Blood Plasma: composed with water and is a pale substance, the matrix.

Blood

• blood cells: two types (Red Blood Cells and White Blood Cells), white has the role in the immunity

  • Red Blood Cells: has presence color that has haemoglobin is known as pigment. The combo of haemoglobin combines oxygen/carbondioxide. oxygen is transported via haemoglobin -- Lymph is similar to blood, excluding red, that comes from capillaries to the intracellular gaps, collected and returns to blood vessels carrying immune function

• Double Circulation: human system: goes through heart twice for a circle. Each and all parts have beats and contracts

Plants

• Plants have 2 types of xylem and pholem for specializing to transport the material of sustenance

  • Xylem: mineral and water transportation, composed by tracheids, fibers and xylem vessels. The xylem has a continuous flow from stems to roots all the way up to the veins

  • Phloem : composed of parenchyma, and also by the companion cells and fibers to trans food. The tubes in sieve are composed of parenchyma.

• ** The upward movement of water/minerls is that of sap essence***NOTE ascent of sap uses many processes/factors involved in tiny steps:

1. adhesion cohesion
2. capillary action. (rise of any liquid that can't be physically forced)
3. root pressure. (root hairs are thin).
4. transpiration (stomata pull loss due to water vapor). - Food in plants occurs cause of utilization of energy, active transport rather that xylem flow. The substance has a two way traffic, also in pholem.

Intestine

• Water is synthesised by inorganic materials, autotrophs food from obtained directly or by autotrophs, or for energy/repair of organisms
• Plants contains raw materials of Sunight energy(for activating pigment chlorophyll), Water, absorbed by root cells for photosynthesis and Carbon dioxide for stomata

Excretion

• The extraction of waste and excretory products from a body

• the excretory system consists of nephron, kidney,, ureter; along with each kidney the tube has bladder

• kidney : bean shape, that function near vertebral side of the abdominal cavity

• Nephrom; filtering unit and basic function has tube mess and glomerulus, The arttery into it is to affer then leaving has efferent Arteriole. The capsule is glomerulus and then proceeds as the tube(bowman's) Functions consist of,

• filtration In glomerulus occurs during the high pressure that the blood exhibits the extraction is sent from the afferent artery to the systemic circulation (after). With it, filtrate occurs to bowman's capsule where. After it the kidneys urine forms in the reabsorption where

• --urine: Human urine is mainly composed of urea and water(both are needed for wastes for wastes to exchange and get purified-no organs)-the excretion: carried by stoma leaves, wastes collected then removed by tree bark and rendered for removal for safe waste

InQuestions

• Nephrons kidneys have high mass, with glomerulus,bowman and tubule The arterial enters kidney through the portal where glomerulus is made
• Water transferred through bowman which the filtrate travels to lopp-to-henle
• Plant gets of water from transpirtation, where the wastes stored in leaves fall.
• The urine depends as per need to waste and Anti diuretic as a homorally regulator.

Assignment 1/2/3 Notes

• The modes of nutrition in fungi include heterotrophic and saprophytic forms.
• Sunlight activates chlorophyll, facilitating water molecule splitting. - Plant hormones auxin promote growth, while abscisic inhibits.
• During photosynthesis, light energy is transformed into chemical energy. Saliva moistens food, easing swallowing; salivary amylase breaks starch into sugars.
• Water comes from soil, carbon dioxide enters through leaf stomata for photosynthesis.
• Heterotrophic nutrition requires an organism to ingest food from another.
• Saprophytic nutrition digests food prior to ingestion with enzymes before materials decompose of animal/trees.

Human Excretory System Notes

• In kidneys, nephons help filtration, has millions of villi as for high effect
• The loop of Henle gets water to filtrate pass via, another ducts has a network w/wall to increase pressure:
• Nutrients in the blood is removed from digestive tract after its processing of nutrients, to help energy for repair and body The process of removing unwanted products or the indigested is that is called as egestion.

Control and Coordination Notes

• Complex organisms need coordination through a system, enabling different parts to function as one.
• Sensory input and motor output link through coordination.
• Homeostasis maintains constant internal conditions via physiology, with both animals and plants controlling their body.
• Animal contains nervous and nerve cells or the neurobs to receive. -Nerve/or- neuron cells as a unit
• A nerve cell has: cell body, axon and dendrites.

Nervous System Cont.

• a) Myelinated neuron(white): enclosed where axon enclosed by fatty white which forms the cerebral contex Non) Grey: covered in neurilemma not myelin

• Embryonic cells are unipolar neurons.

• Sensory hair : like in retina are bi polar.

• Multiplor neuron: cortex contain multiple and dendritre axon Synapse: neuron point Impulse: Conduction of stimulus by neuro to axon from the the cyton. At the synapse, the chemical transmission releases by changing the impulse: pass it in neuroghboring

• types: motor, sensory,

• stimulus: pathway when observe coordiation betweern eye/body

• Afferent: message coming towards (stimulus) Efferent: ( away from nervous, or the respons e to to motor nervE)

Nervous and Body systems

The nervous and electrical systems are the mains of body: (CNS) (PNS) divisions with central being brain and spine the control and peripheral away from core (ENTERIC, ANS, SNS) which in the digestive, autonomic and respitory system (somatic, automatic) which includes the nerves control and skeleton or the organs

Test your knowledge of key biology concepts with these multiple-choice questions. Topics covered include nephron function, plant excretion, digestion, and respiration. See how well you understand these fundamental processes.