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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of protons in oxidative phosphorylation?
What is the primary role of protons in oxidative phosphorylation?
Which process involves the utilization of ATP and NADPH to produce sugars?
Which process involves the utilization of ATP and NADPH to produce sugars?
During the process of chemiosmosis, protons flow through which essential structure?
During the process of chemiosmosis, protons flow through which essential structure?
What is a byproduct of photosynthesis that is released into the atmosphere?
What is a byproduct of photosynthesis that is released into the atmosphere?
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What is the role of chlorophyll during photosynthesis?
What is the role of chlorophyll during photosynthesis?
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What happens to the mitochondrial matrix during oxidative phosphorylation?
What happens to the mitochondrial matrix during oxidative phosphorylation?
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Which component acts as an electron carrier in the second phase of photosynthesis?
Which component acts as an electron carrier in the second phase of photosynthesis?
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In which cellular structures does the majority of photosynthesis occur?
In which cellular structures does the majority of photosynthesis occur?
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What is the primary function of the Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis?
What is the primary function of the Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis?
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Which enzyme is crucial for the carbon fixation stage of the Calvin Cycle?
Which enzyme is crucial for the carbon fixation stage of the Calvin Cycle?
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During which stage of the Calvin Cycle is ATP utilized to convert 3PGA into glyceraldehyde?
During which stage of the Calvin Cycle is ATP utilized to convert 3PGA into glyceraldehyde?
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How does the C4 photosynthesis pathway differ from the C3 pathway?
How does the C4 photosynthesis pathway differ from the C3 pathway?
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Which of the following compounds is the first stable product formed during the Calvin Cycle?
Which of the following compounds is the first stable product formed during the Calvin Cycle?
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What structural adaptation allows C4 photosynthesis to efficiently fix carbon in higher temperatures?
What structural adaptation allows C4 photosynthesis to efficiently fix carbon in higher temperatures?
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In C4 photosynthesis, where does the initial fixation of carbon dioxide occur?
In C4 photosynthesis, where does the initial fixation of carbon dioxide occur?
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Which of the following is NOT a product of the Calvin Cycle?
Which of the following is NOT a product of the Calvin Cycle?
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What is the primary function of the enzyme PEPC in crassulacean acid metabolism?
What is the primary function of the enzyme PEPC in crassulacean acid metabolism?
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During which time do desert plants primarily take in CO2, and how is it stored?
During which time do desert plants primarily take in CO2, and how is it stored?
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What happens to malic acid during the daytime in desert plants?
What happens to malic acid during the daytime in desert plants?
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Which of the following individuals contributed to our understanding of photosynthesis?
Which of the following individuals contributed to our understanding of photosynthesis?
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Which type of tissue is defined by being composed of only one type of cell?
Which type of tissue is defined by being composed of only one type of cell?
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What is a correct function of oxaloacetate in the crassulacean acid metabolism process?
What is a correct function of oxaloacetate in the crassulacean acid metabolism process?
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What did Jan Ingen-Housz demonstrate about the process of plant photosynthesis?
What did Jan Ingen-Housz demonstrate about the process of plant photosynthesis?
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What role does the intercellular matrix play in plant tissue functionality?
What role does the intercellular matrix play in plant tissue functionality?
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Study Notes
Pyruvate 3 Fates
- Anaerobic (lactic acid fermentation): Uses NADH to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis.
- Anaerobic (alcoholic fermentation)
- Aerobic oxidation
Aerobic Respiration: Pyruvate Breakdown
- Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate: Removal of carbon via carbon dioxide.
- Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: Simplifies pyruvate into acetyl-CoA.
- Bridge between glycolysis and citric acid cycle.
Entry of Pyruvate into the Mitochondrion
- Pyruvate diffuses through the outer mitochondrial membrane.
- Pyruvate translocase: Transports pyruvate from the intermembrane space to the matrix, exchanging with H+.
Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA
- Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH complex): Multienzyme complex converting pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.
Krebs Cycle Overview
- Discovered by Hans Adolf Krebs.
- Also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle.
- Citrate is the first product, formed from acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate.
Krebs Cycle Steps
- Citrate Synthase: Irreversible reaction producing citrate from acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate. Forms C-C bond.
- Aconitase: Reversible reaction isomerizing citrate to isocitrate. Eliminates H2O to form C=C bond.
- Isocitrate Dehydrogenase: Irreversible oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate. Eliminates CO2. One of four redox reactions in the cycle. Reduces NAD+ to NADH.
- α-ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase complex: Similar to PDH complex, oxidizes α-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA while producing CO2, NADH and GTP (ATP in plants and some bacteria).
- Succinyl-CoA Synthetase: Forms succinate and produces GTP (ATP in plants and some bacteria). The process of substrate level phosphorylation.
- Succinate Dehydrogenase: Reversible oxidation of succinate to fumarate and reducing FAD to FADH2 to contribute to the electron transport chain.
- Fumarase: Reversible addition of water to fumarate, forming L-malate.
- Malate Dehydrogenase: Reversible oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate, producing NADH.
Electron Transport Chain
- Located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- Groups of redox proteins.
- NADH and FADH2 are oxidized and hydride ions are passed to the ETC.
- Electrons are transferred from one complex to another, with an increase in electron negativity.
- ATP is generated by oxidative phosphorylation. 1 NADH ~ 2.5 or 3 ATP 1 FADH2~ 1.5 or 2 ATP
Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Combines electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
- Phosphorylation of ADP to ATP coupling the electron transfers of the respiratory chain
- Creates proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.
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Description
Explore the fates of pyruvate in cellular respiration, including anaerobic fermentation and aerobic oxidation. This quiz covers the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and the intricacies of the Krebs cycle. Test your knowledge on key processes such as oxidative decarboxylation and the role of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
