Biology: Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
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Questions and Answers

What is a defining characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

  • Complex organelles
  • Multiple cellular membranes
  • Presence of a nucleus
  • Nucleoid region with DNA (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT part of the cell theory?

  • All living things are made of cells
  • Cells are the basic unit of structure and function
  • Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells
  • Cells arise from spontaneous generation (correct)

    • What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

  • The absence of ribosomes
  • The presence of membrane-bound organelles (correct)
  • The simpler structure
  • The smaller size compared to prokaryotic cells

    • Which kingdoms include eukaryotic organisms?

    <p>Plants, animals, fungi, and protists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who formulated the cell theory?

    <p>Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)?

    <p>Modification and transport of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging molecules from the ER?

    <p>Golgi Bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER) from the Rough ER?

    <p>Synthesis of cell products used inside the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the function of ribosomes?

    <p>Joining amino acids to form proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is located within the interior of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum during protein synthesis?

    <p>Proteins being modified and transported</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the structure of Golgi Bodies?

    <p>Stacks of flattened sacs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum play in muscle cells?

    <p>Regulating calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes does the Golgi Bodies NOT perform?

    <p>Destroying toxic substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

    <p>To control what enters or leaves the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for making ribosomes?

    <p>Nucleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the cytoplasm in a cell?

    <p>It provides a medium for chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of the cytoskeleton?

    <p>Proteins including microfilaments and microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about mitochondria is true?

    <p>They are involved in burning glucose for energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are centrioles found?

    <p>Only in animal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the structure of the cell membrane?

    <p>Double layer of phospholipids and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is a part of the cytoskeleton?

    <p>Microfilaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?

    <p>It controls normal activities and contains DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do genes play in a cell?

    <p>They code for proteins that control characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lysosomes in a cell?

    <p>Digest food and recycle cell parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes vacuoles in plant cells?

    <p>Fluid-filled sacks for storage of various substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of the process of homeostasis?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is autolysis in relation to lysosomes?

    <p>Programmed cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chloroplasts are primarily found in which type of organisms?

    <p>Producers containing chlorophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in chloroplasts is responsible for the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

    <p>Thylakoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is primarily produced by chloroplasts during photosynthesis?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process allows cells to take in food through lysosomes?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the hypothalamus play in maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>Controls the action of the medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is NOT part of the nervous system?

    <p>Pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of the endocrine system is primarily responsible for sending hormones into the bloodstream?

    <p>Glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do hormones affect the muscular system?

    <p>Adjust muscle metabolism and energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of negative feedback in homeostatic control?

    <p>Causes the physiological measurement to return to the set point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the autonomic nervous system is primarily active during stress responses?

    <p>Sympathetic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do hormones influence the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Regulate heart rate and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is responsible for the secretion of sex hormones affecting reproductive development?

    <p>Endocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

    • Prokaryotes possess a nucleoid region containing DNA and lack membrane-bound organelles.
    • Ribosomes in prokaryotes synthesize proteins within the cytoplasm.
    • Eukaryotes are characterized by a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, including protists, fungi, plants, and animals.
    • Eukaryotic cells are generally more complex than prokaryotic ones.

    Cell Theory

    • Formulated by Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden in 1838.
    • Key principles include:
      • All living things consist of cells.
      • Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in organisms.
      • New cells arise from the division of existing cells.

    Whittaker's Five Kingdoms of Classification

    • Divides life into five kingdoms based on cellular organization and features.
    • Prokaryotic organisms are unicellular and lack a nucleus, while the other kingdoms comprise eukaryotic organisms.

    Cell Structure and Organelles

    • Organelles are microscopic structures performing specific cell functions, found in the cytoplasm.
    • Cell membranes consist of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, regulating the entry and exit of substances.
    • Cytoplasm is a jelly-like medium that supports organelles and biochemical reactions.

    Nucleus and Nucleolus

    • The nucleus controls cell activities and houses DNA within chromosomes, surrounded by a nuclear envelope with pores.
    • Nucleolus, found inside the nucleus, produces ribosomes necessary for protein synthesis.

    Cytoskeleton and Centrioles

    • The cytoskeleton maintains cell shape and aids in organelle movement, made of microfilaments (actin) and microtubules (tubulin).
    • Centrioles, present only in animal cells, help in cell division by forming the mitotic spindle.

    Mitochondria

    • Mitochondria, known as the "powerhouse" of the cell, generate ATP through cellular respiration.
    • They contain their own DNA and are inherited maternally, with a folded inner membrane (cristae) to enhance surface area for reactions.

    Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

    • The ER is a network of membrane tubules involved in synthesizing and transporting cell products.
    • Rough ER has ribosomes attached and synthesizes proteins; Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and synthesizes lipids and detoxifies substances.

    Ribosomes and Golgi Bodies

    • Ribosomes are protein synthesis factories, either attached to Rough ER or free in the cytoplasm.
    • Golgi bodies modify, sort, and package proteins received from the ER, resembling stacks of pancakes with cis (receiving) and trans (shipping) faces.

    Lysosomes and Vacuoles

    • Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes for breaking down food and worn-out cell parts, with roles in cellular recycling.
    • Vacuoles are storage sacs; plant cells have a prominent central vacuole, while animal cells typically have smaller vacuoles.

    Chloroplasts

    • Chloroplasts are found only in photosynthetic organisms, enabling them to convert sunlight into glucose through photosynthesis.
    • They include thylakoids (sacs containing chlorophyll) and stroma (gel-like fluid) and possess their own DNA.

    Homeostasis

    • Homeostasis maintains a stable internal environment necessary for cell survival, regulating factors like oxygen, glucose, and waste removal.
    • Physiological control systems involve a sensor, afferent pathway, integration center, efferent pathway, and effectors.

    Nervous and Endocrine Systems

    • The nervous system regulates homeostasis by responding to stimuli and directing the body's adaptive responses through the central and peripheral systems.
    • The endocrine system comprises glands that secrete hormones affecting various body functions, including metabolism, growth, and inflammation.
    • Negative feedback is a crucial mechanism that opposes deviations from set points, ensuring physiological stability.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Learn about their structures, functions, and roles in biology. Perfect for students studying cellular biology.

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