Biology: Plant Cell Structures and Functions
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Questions and Answers

What are the main structures involved in photosynthesis?

  • Cell wall and nucleus
  • Cytoplasm and vacuole
  • Grana and stroma (correct)
  • Mitochondria and ribosomes

Which component is NOT part of the plant cell structure?

  • Cell wall
  • Chloroplast
  • Mitochondria
  • Cell membrane of bacteria (correct)

What is the primary function of the central vacuole in plant cells?

  • Photosynthesis
  • Protein synthesis
  • Structural support
  • Storage (correct)

Which substance is found in the cell wall of plants, but not in the cell wall of fungi or bacteria?

<p>Cellulose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is unique to plant cells?

<p>Central vacuole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

<p>Process, sort, and ship proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is specifically involved in programmed cell death?

<p>Lysosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the structure of smooth ER from rough ER?

<p>Absence of ribosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary components that make up centrioles?

<p>Microtubules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of cilia in the cell?

<p>Move fluid across the cell's surface (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is involved in cellular respiration?

<p>Mitochondria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of vacuoles in plant cells?

<p>Storage of water and nutrients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures are not found in animal cells?

<p>Chloroplasts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of organelles within a cell?

<p>To aid in protein synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

<p>Presence of a nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is found in all cells?

<p>Cell membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Eukaryotic cells have which of the following features?

<p>Membrane-bound organelles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organisms are primarily composed of prokaryotic cells?

<p>Bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of ribosomes?

<p>Production of proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in eukaryotic cells is involved in packaging proteins?

<p>Golgi apparatus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In multicellular organisms, cells work together to form what structures?

<p>Tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cell is primarily responsible for controlling the movement of substances in and out?

<p>Cell (Plasma) Membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure within the nucleus is responsible for producing ribosomal RNA?

<p>Nucleolus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cytoskeleton in animal cells?

<p>Providing structural support and maintaining shape (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of phospholipids is crucial to the formation of the plasma membrane?

<p>Their hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of ribosomes found on the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

<p>To synthesize proteins for export (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the cell is described as a jelly-like substance where chemical reactions occur?

<p>Cytoplasm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the cell contains genetic material and controls its activities?

<p>Nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the plasma membrane described by the term 'Fluid Mosaic Model'?

<p>Because it is composed of different parts that can move freely (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Unicellular Organisms

Organisms composed of a single cell (e.g., bacteria, yeast).

Multicellular Organisms

Organisms composed of multiple cells that work together (e.g., plants, animals).

Cell

The fundamental unit of life; the smallest unit capable of carrying out life processes.

Prokaryotic Cell

A type of cell that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Often smaller than eukaryotic cells, with simpler internal structure.

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Eukaryotic Cell

A type of cell that has a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Often larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.

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DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

The genetic material of a cell, containing the instructions for life. In prokaryotes, it's a single circular DNA molecule. In eukaryotes, it's organized into chromosomes.

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Cytoplasm

The jelly-like substance within a cell, where various cellular processes occur.

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Cell Membrane

A thin outer layer that encloses the cell, regulating what enters and leaves.

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Smooth ER

A network of interconnected membranes involved in lipid synthesis and calcium storage.

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Golgi Apparatus

A stack of flattened membrane sacs that processes, sorts, and packages proteins to be shipped throughout the cell.

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Lysosomes

Organelles that contain enzymes used to break down waste products, old cell parts, bacteria, and other materials.

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Vacuoles

Organelles responsible for storing water, nutrients, and waste products.

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Centrioles

Organelles made of microtubules that help separate chromosomes during cell division.

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Cilia

Microtubule-supported hair-like structures that move fluid across a cell's surface.

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Flagella

Microtubule-supported tail-like structures that propel a cell through fluid.

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Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell, where cellular respiration occurs, converting chemical energy in food into usable energy in the form of ATP.

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What is a chloroplast?

The green organelle where photosynthesis takes place in plants. It consists of two main parts: grana (stacks of thylakoids) and stroma (fluid surrounding the grana).

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What is the cell wall?

A rigid outer layer that protects and maintains the shape of plant cells. It is made of cellulose.

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What is the central vacuole?

A large, fluid-filled sac found in plant cells. It acts as a storage center for water, nutrients, and waste products.

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What is photosynthesis?

The process by which plants convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of sugar. This happens in chloroplasts and requires carbon dioxide and water.

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What is cellular respiration?

The process of converting simple sugars into energy (ATP) that the cell can use. This happens in the mitochondria and requires oxygen.

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Phospholipid Bilayer

A double layer of fats (phospholipids) that makes up the cell membrane. It's fluid and allows some molecules to pass through while blocking others. It's like a selective filter.

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Cytoskeleton

Thread-like structures made of proteins that provide support and shape to the cell. They're like an internal skeleton or framework.

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Nucleus

The control center of the cell, containing DNA (genetic material) that directs all cellular activities. It's like the brain of the cell.

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Nucleolus

A structure inside the nucleus responsible for producing ribosomes, which are the protein factories of the cell. It's like a ribosome factory within the nucleus.

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Ribosomes

Tiny structures made of protein and RNA, responsible for translating genetic information into proteins. They are like the workers in a factory, building proteins according to instructions.

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

A network of folded membranes within the cell that are studded with ribosomes. It's like a highway system that transports proteins around the cell.

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Study Notes

Cell Theory

  • All living things are made of cells
  • Cells are the basic unit of life
  • All cells come from other cells

Types of Cells

  • Unicellular: Organisms composed of one cell
  • Multicellular: Organisms composed of many cells that are organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems

Two Cell Types

  • Prokaryotic: Simple cells, without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
    • Example: Bacteria
  • Eukaryotic: Complex cells, with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
    • Example: Animals, plants, fungi, protists

Cell Components (Organelles)

  • Cell membrane: Surrounds the cell, controls what enters and exits, maintains a stable internal environment (homeostasis)
    • Made of two layers (phospholipid bilayer)
    • Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
    • Contains embedded proteins and carbohydrates
    • Fluid mosaic model, composed of many parts that move freely
  • Cytoskeleton: Threadlike fibers made of proteins. Provides support and shape, moves organelles around the cell.
  • Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance, mainly water. Holds everything in place, provides a solution for chemical reactions.
  • Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA).
    • When DNA is spread out, it's called chromatin
    • When DNA condenses, it is called chromosomes
    • Surrounded by a nuclear envelope/membrane with pores that control what goes in and out
  • Nucleolus: Inside the nucleus, makes rRNA for ribosomes
  • Ribosomes: Made of proteins and rRNA. Located on rough ER or floating in cytoplasm. Make proteins.
  • Rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum): Has ribosomes on the surface. Hugs the nucleus. Makes proteins and packages them for secretion.
  • Smooth ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum): No ribosomes on the surface. Attached to rough ER. Makes lipids and stores Ca+2.
  • Golgi apparatus: Folded membrane. Gets vesicles of protein from the ER, processes, sorts, and ships proteins where needed.
  • Lysosomes: (Animal cells only) Contain enzymes. Break down dead stuff, food, bacteria, and old parts of the cell. Programmed cell death (apoptosis).
  • Vacuoles: Storage centers.
    • Small and numerous in animal cells
    • One large central one in plant cells
  • Centrioles: (Animal cells only) Made of microtubules. Appear during cell division. Help the cell divide by pulling chromosomes apart.
  • Cilia and Flagella: (Animal cells only)
    • Cilia: short, numerous, move fluid across the cell's surface
    • Flagella: longer, fewer, move the entire cell through extracellular fluid
  • Mitochondria: Two parts: inner membrane and matrix. Where cellular respiration happens, breaks down chemical energy in food to release usable energy in the form of ATP (C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP))
  • Chloroplasts: (Plant cells only) Two parts: grana (stacks) and stroma (fluid). Where photosynthesis happens: converts light energy from the sun into chemical energy in sugar (6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2)
  • Cell wall: (Plant, bacteria, and fungi cells only).
    • Made of cellulose (in plants), chitin (in fungi), and peptidoglycan (in bacteria)
    • Protects and maintains shape
  • Central vacuole: (Plant cells only) One massive central structure. Storage center.

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Cell Theory and Organelles PDF - Biology Notes

Description

Test your knowledge on the various structures and functions within plant cells. This quiz covers topics such as photosynthesis, organelles, and the differences between plant and animal cells. Enhance your understanding of cell biology fundamentals!

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