Biology: Plant and Animal Cells Quiz

Plant and Animal Cell Organelles

• Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts, which are absent in animal cells.
• The cell wall provides structural support and rigidity to plant cells.
• Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis.
• Plant cells have one large central vacuole, while animal cells have numerous small vacuoles.
• Vacuoles store food, water, and waste products.

Xylem and Phloem Function

• Xylem transports water and minerals absorbed by roots to the rest of the plants.
• Phloem transports sugars produced in leaves to other parts of the plant.

Living Things Characteristics

• Six (sometimes seven) defining characteristics of living things include: cells, adaptations, reproduction, growth and development, energy, responsiveness to the environment, and waste production.

Waste Products

• Common waste products of living things include urine, feces, and carbon dioxide.

Diffusion

• Diffusion is the net movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
• Diffusion examples include chlorine in a pool, perfume in a room, food coloring in water, and the scent of paint.
• Diffusion can occur in any medium (liquid, solid, gas).
• Diffusion doesn't require a semi-permeable membrane.
• Diffusion equalizes concentration.

Osmosis

• Osmosis is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration.
• Osmosis requires a semi-permeable membrane.
• Osmosis equalizes water concentration but not solute concentration.

Cell Membrane and Cell Wall

• The cell membrane surrounds and protects the cell's contents.
• The cell wall provides structure and support, particularly to plant cells.

Cell Organelles

• Cytoplasm: The liquid interior of the cell that distributes materials.
• Nucleus: The control center of the cell.
• Mitochondria: The powerhouse of the cell, converting energy.
• Ribosomes: Build proteins in the cell.
• Chloroplasts: Sites of photosynthesis in plant cells.

Microscope Parts

• Course adjustment knob (large): Used for initial focusing
• Fine adjustment knob (small): Used for finer focusing
• Stage: Holds the specimen
• Diaphragm: Controls light intensity
• Objective lenses (three): Magnify the specimen
• Ocular lens (eyepiece): Magnifies the image further.
• Light source: Illuminates the specimen
• Steps to use a microscope:
  • Plug in the microscope.
  • Place the slide on the stage.
  • Adjust the coarse adjustment to roughly focus.
  • Use the fine adjustment for precise focus.

Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism

• Organs are groups of tissues working together.
• Organ systems are groups of organs working together.
• Organisms are groups of organ systems working together.

Types of Tissues

• Nervous tissue: Receives, sends, and processes sensory input.
• Connective tissue: Supports and connects tissues.
• Epithelial tissue: Protects, senses, secretes, absorbs, excretes, diffuses and cleans.
• Red blood cells: Absorb oxygen and nutrients and carry them to the body tissues; remove carbon dioxide.

Digestive System Organs and Order

• Mouth
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small intestine
• Large intestine
• Rectum

Circulatory System

• Organs: Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood
• Function: Transports food, oxygen, and wastes throughout the body.

Respiratory System

• Organs: Nose, mouth, trachea, diaphragm, bronchi, lungs
• Function: Transports oxygen from air to the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood to the air outside the body.

Digestive System

• Organs: Salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, small intestine
• Function: Breaks down food mechanically and chemically (using enzymes), absorbs nutrients and transports them to the body.

Blood Vessels

• Arteries: Thick walls, carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
• Veins: Thin walls, carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart.
• Capillaries: Thin walls, one-cell thick, permit the diffusion of gases and nutrients.