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Questions and Answers

What type of transport process involves the movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration?

  • Filtration
  • Diffusion (correct)
  • Active Transport
  • Osmosis

    • What is the term for the movement of water molecules from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution?

  • Diffusion
  • Osmosis (correct)
  • Filtration
  • Active Transport

    • What is the process by which molecules move through a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, without the use of energy?

  • Active Transport
  • Facilitated Diffusion (correct)
  • Filtration
  • Simple Diffusion

    • What is the term for the movement of molecules through a membrane, from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, with the assistance of transport proteins?

    <p>Facilitated Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of solution will water molecules move out of the cell to equalize the concentration of solutes?

    <p>Hypertonic Solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which a liquid is forced through a membrane or filter, resulting in the separation of particles based on size?

    <p>Filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, resulting in the uniform distribution of molecules?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of solution will water molecules move into the cell to equalize the concentration of solutes?

    <p>Hypotonic Solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driving force for the movement of electroneutral molecules through the biological membrane?

    <p>Concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of substances through the biological membrane without the use of cell's energy?

    <p>Passive transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molecules diffuses through the biological membrane due to their good solubility in lipids?

    <p>O2 and CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of water molecules from a hypertonic solution to a hypotonic solution?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which a liquid is forced through a membrane or filter, resulting in the separation of particles based on size?

    <p>Filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of gradient drives the movement of ions through the biological membrane?

    <p>Both concentration and electrical gradients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the movement of substances through the biological membrane until there is no difference in the concentration of substances on both sides?

    <p>Equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of substances through the biological membrane in the direction from the higher concentration to the lower concentration?

    <p>Simple diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is least likely to affect the rate of diffusion in cellular environments?

    <p>Presence of tube structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a probable result when cells are placed in hypertonic solutions?

    <p>Cells will shrink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is primarily responsible for the movement of solutes across a semi-permeable membrane without energy expenditure?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the impact of a decrease in membrane thickness on the rate of diffusion?

    <p>Increase in diffusion rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes passive transport?

    <p>It depends on membrane proteins but no energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the concentration of solutes is higher outside the cell than inside, what tends to happen?

    <p>Water will move out of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane to equalize solute concentration?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does not directly influence the rate of osmosis?

    <p>Size of the container</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily drives the process of passive diffusion?

    <p>Concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process utilizes carrier proteins for the movement of molecules?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Filtration primarily involves the movement of water and other substances based on what factor?

    <p>Hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a solution where the concentration outside the cell is higher than inside?

    <p>Hypertonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane due to a concentration gradient?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a characteristic of facilitated diffusion?

    <p>Requires some form of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process can be impacted by the solubility of the substances involved?

    <p>Passive diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which process is a concentration gradient of paramount importance?

    <p>Passive diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily influences the process of osmosis?

    <p>Osmotic pressure gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What moves during the process of filtration?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main driving force for facilitated diffusion?

    <p>Existence of carrier proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In osmosis, which direction does water move?

    <p>From low salt concentration to high salt concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic does not influence facilitated diffusion?

    <p>Molecular size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the speed of diffusion primarily influenced by?

    <p>Substance concentration and molecular size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the driving force behind passive transport?

    <p>Concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of passive transport is the gradient of hydrostatic pressure the main factor?

    <p>Filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes the dilation of blood vessels during dynamic muscle work?

    <p>Relaxation of the muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes most to increased blood flow to muscles during running?

    <p>Increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is work calculated if a force of 50 N moves an object by 3 meters?

    <p>150 J</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological process is impaired during static muscle work due to increased intramuscular pressure?

    <p>Blood circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the type of work performed by muscles while maintaining posture?

    <p>Static work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which situation exemplifies dynamic muscle work?

    <p>Running</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function is hampered when blood vessels are squeezed together during tense muscle states?

    <p>Waste removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adjustment does the body make to meet the increased oxygen demand during dynamic muscle activity?

    <p>Increasing the number of open blood vessels in active muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes isotonic muscle contractions?

    <p>Muscle tension remains constant despite changes in muscle length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of isotonic contraction?

    <p>Flexing the elbow to lift a dumbbell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During an isotonic contraction, what happens to the muscle?

    <p>It shortens or lengthens while maintaining constant tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does isotonic contraction influence body movement?

    <p>It encourages movement or change in body position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physical action exemplifies isotonic exercise?

    <p>Running</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an indication of muscle fatigue during exercise?

    <p>Reduced ability to maintain muscle force output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does fatigue have on muscle contraction?

    <p>Decreases contraction efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is blood flow important during dynamic muscle work?

    <p>It delivers oxygen and nutrients to the active muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate static work?

    <p>As=N*t</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of work is being performed when the body is moving a load?

    <p>Both static and dynamic work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do muscles become fatigued more easily in static work than in dynamic work?

    <p>Because static work requires more energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between static and dynamic work?

    <p>Static work is isometric, dynamic work is isotonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of tensing muscles in dynamic work?

    <p>To generate movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the total muscle work calculated in dynamic work?

    <p>By adding dynamic work to static work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of fatigue on muscle performance?

    <p>It decreases muscle strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of simultaneous static and dynamic work?

    <p>Holding a weight while walking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle contraction occurs when muscle length changes while the tension remains constant?

    <p>Isotonic muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle contraction is characterized by no change in muscle length despite tension being applied?

    <p>Isometric muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes a prolonged muscle contraction caused by repetitive nerve impulses at high frequencies?

    <p>Tetanic muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological process can result in muscle fatigue during prolonged static muscle work?

    <p>Diminished oxygen supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of dynamic muscle work compared to static muscle work?

    <p>Varied muscle tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which type of muscle contraction is the muscle unable to generate sufficient force to overcome resistance, often resulting in muscle fatigue?

    <p>Isometric muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does isotonic muscle contraction play during exercise?

    <p>Produces movement by changing muscle length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains muscle activation during concentric muscle contraction?

    <p>The muscle shortens under tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of complete tetanus in muscle fibers?

    <p>No relaxation between stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario best describes an isometric muscle contraction?

    <p>Holding a plank position with the muscle length remaining the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the intensity of energy consumption in dynamic muscle work?

    <p>The pattern and frequency of muscle contraction and relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point is muscle fatigue likely to occur during isotonic muscle work?

    <p>After prolonged periods of muscle shortening and lengthening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a direct consequence of muscle fatigue on blood flow and oxygenation?

    <p>Reduced efficiency of oxygen utilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle contraction is characterized by the muscle maintaining the same length throughout the contraction?

    <p>Isometric contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically triggers static muscle work?

    <p>Maintaining a fixed body posture for an extended period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant effect of continuous dynamic muscle work on muscle physiology?

    <p>Improved muscle flexibility and endurance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of increased intramuscular pressure during static muscle work?

    <p>Impaired oxygenation of muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of dynamic muscle work?

    <p>Changing muscle length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor contributing to increased blood flow to muscles during dynamic muscle activity?

    <p>Increased oxygen demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which muscle fatigue is alleviated during dynamic muscle work?

    <p>Increased blood flow and oxygen delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between isotonic and static muscle contractions?

    <p>Isotonic contractions involve changing muscle length, while static contractions involve constant muscle length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiological response to dynamic muscle work?

    <p>Increased vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of muscle fatigue during prolonged dynamic muscle activity?

    <p>Reduced muscle contraction force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the body adapts to meet the increased oxygen demand during dynamic muscle activity?

    <p>Increased aerobic metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During dynamic muscle work, what happens to the blood vessels surrounding the muscle?

    <p>They are squeezed together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle contraction is characterized by a muscle producing force while shortening?

    <p>Isotonic contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor affecting muscle fatigue during static work?

    <p>Increased intramuscular pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the type of work performed by muscles during posture maintenance?

    <p>Static muscle work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate static work?

    <p>As = N × t</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary adjustment made by the body to meet the increased oxygen demand during dynamic muscle activity?

    <p>Increased blood flow to muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of dynamic muscle work?

    <p>Walking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the work performed by muscles when they tense and relax to ensure movement?

    <p>Simultaneous static and dynamic work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle contraction is characterized by a constant muscle length despite tension changes?

    <p>Isometric muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During dynamic muscle work, what is the primary adaptation that occurs to meet increased oxygen demand?

    <p>Increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological process is significantly impeded during static muscle work due to elevated intramuscular pressure?

    <p>Blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of contraction involves the muscle shortening and changing tension while maintaining constant muscle length?

    <p>Isotonic muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In responsive dynamic muscle work, which physiological change is least likely to be observed?

    <p>Decreased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of tetanic muscle contraction?

    <p>Prolonged and sustained contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor most significantly impairs muscle function during prolonged static muscle work?

    <p>Increased intramuscular pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is primarily responsible for muscle fatigue during high-intensity exercise?

    <p>Increased accumulation of metabolic byproducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition characterizes a muscle fiber in a state of complete tetanus?

    <p>There is no relaxation at all between stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle contraction involves a constant muscle length while tension increases?

    <p>Isometric contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the primary energy demand during a sustained isometric contraction?

    <p>High energy consumption, quick onset of fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adjustment is crucial for meeting increased oxygen demands during dynamic muscle activity?

    <p>Enhancing blood flow to muscle tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological process is impaired during static muscle work due to increased intramuscular pressure?

    <p>Oxygen uptake by muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body typically respond to increased oxygen needs during physical activity?

    <p>By redistributing blood flow to active muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle contraction involves the muscle shortening while generating force?

    <p>Concentric contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically causes the dilation of blood vessels during dynamic muscle work?

    <p>Elevated local muscle metabolites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs in the blood vessels during dynamic muscle work when the muscle relaxes?

    <p>Blood vessels dilate and increase blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary consequence of increased intramuscular pressure during static muscle work?

    <p>Partial or complete blockage of blood circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological mechanism is least affected during dynamic muscle work?

    <p>Blood oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle work is primarily involved in maintaining posture?

    <p>Static work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does muscle fatigue most likely occur during exercise?

    <p>With consistent static muscle work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body primarily increase oxygen supply to muscles during dynamic activities like running?

    <p>Increasing heart rate (cardiac output)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs inside the muscle during a static contraction that impedes blood flow and nutrient delivery?

    <p>Intramuscular pressure increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adjustment does the body make in non-working areas to support increased metabolic needs during dynamic muscle work?

    <p>Reducing blood flow to inactive areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for increased blood flow to muscles during dynamic muscle work?

    <p>Increased oxygen demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased intramuscular pressure on blood vessels during static muscle work?

    <p>Blood vessel compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function hampered during tense muscle states?

    <p>Oxygen delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the adjustment made by the body to meet the increased oxygen demand during dynamic muscle activity?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes isotonic muscle contractions?

    <p>Constant muscle tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driving force behind increased blood flow to muscles during exercise?

    <p>Increased oxygen demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of dynamic muscle work on blood vessels?

    <p>Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor contributing to increased blood flow to muscles during running?

    <p>Increased oxygen demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driving force behind the process of filtration?

    <p>Hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane due to a concentration gradient?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that influences the rate of osmosis?

    <p>Concentration of solutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of substances through the biological membrane without the use of cell's energy?

    <p>Passive transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process utilizes carrier proteins for the movement of molecules?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the movement of substances through the biological membrane until there is no difference in the concentration of substances on both sides?

    <p>Equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is primarily responsible for the movement of solutes across a semi-permeable membrane without energy expenditure?

    <p>Passive transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driving force behind the process of facilitated diffusion?

    <p>Concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is likely to have the most significant effect on the rate of endothelin production in vascular tissues?

    <p>Concentration of dissolved oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does membrane thickness play in the diffusion of solutes across endothelial cells?

    <p>Decreases the rate of diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary physiological change occurs in muscles to enhance blood flow during dynamic exertion?

    <p>Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is directly responsible for meeting increased oxygen demands in muscles during intense activity?

    <p>Enhanced blood perfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism primarily drives the movement of water through endothelial membranes during osmosis?

    <p>Concentration gradients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of dynamic muscle work, what primarily causes vasodilation in blood vessels?

    <p>Nitric oxide release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adaptation occurs in the cardiovascular system to support metabolic activity in muscles?

    <p>Increased venous return</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an increase in exercise-induced hypertension affect blood flow through capillaries?

    <p>Decreases blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body ensure a continuous supply of oxygen to muscles during dynamic exertion?

    <p>Augmenting respiratory rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological response allows muscles to sustain energy production during prolonged exercise?

    <p>Increased capillary density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT significantly influence the rate of osmosis across biological membranes?

    <p>Endothelial cell thickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What immediate cardiovascular adjustment occurs during the initiation of dynamic muscle activity?

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During periods of intense muscle activity, how is oxygen supply to active tissues primarily increased?

    <p>Vasodilation and increased blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to blood flow distribution during dynamic muscle activity?

    <p>Augmented flow to active muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is most likely to affect the predictability of solute diffusion in a biological membrane model?

    <p>Variable endothelial thickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism does the body use to counteract the increased oxygen demand during vigorous physical activity?

    <p>Increased capillary perfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of passive transport relies on a concentration gradient without the involvement of electrical potential?

    <p>Passive diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecules undergo passive diffusion through the biological membrane?

    <p>Molecules with good solubility in lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The movement of ions through the biological membrane is primarily influenced by which factor in passive transport?

    <p>Electrical gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During passive transport, the movement of substances continues until what condition is met?

    <p>Equilibrium of concentration of substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solution characteristic impacts the direction of osmosis?

    <p>The solute concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substances utilize filtration as a method of passive transport?

    <p>Small ions and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor least influences the rate of diffusion through the biological membrane?

    <p>Electrical gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the rate of passive diffusion if the solubility of the molecules in lipids is increased?

    <p>The rate increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which oxytocin induces milk letdown in lactating females?

    <p>Stimulation of myoepithelial cell contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the melanoreceptor in the regulation of milk letdown?

    <p>Inhibition of myoepithelial cell contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which oxytocin regulates smooth muscle contraction?

    <p>Stimulation of Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the axytocin hormone in the regulation of milk letdown?

    <p>Stimulation of myoepithelial cell contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which inhibition of myoepithelial cell contraction prevents milk letdown?

    <p>Inhibition of Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the receptor in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction?

    <p>Stimulation of myosin light chain kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which oxytocin regulates neuromuscular transmission?

    <p>Stimulation of acetylcholine release from the motor neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hormone in the regulation of muscle contraction?

    <p>Stimulation of smooth muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of inhibitory neurotransmitters like GABA?

    <p>To suppress the generation of action potentials in the postsynaptic neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dominant centers, what is the effect on subordinate centers?

    <p>They are suppressed, reducing their activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of spatial summation in neural transmission?

    <p>It increases the generation of action potentials in the postsynaptic neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a dominant center's ability to suppress excitation?

    <p>Reduced excitation of subordinate centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron?

    <p>Through chemical binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a dominant center on other centers?

    <p>It suppresses them, reducing their activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of glutamate in neural transmission?

    <p>It promotes the generation of action potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the ratio of afferent to efferent neurons in the CNS?

    <p>It affects the priority of biological reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the process where an inhibitory neuron reduces the release of neurotransmitters from an excitatory neuron?

    <p>Presynaptic inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism allows multiple weak signals to collectively trigger an action potential?

    <p>Temporal summation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neuromodulators in neural circuits?

    <p>They alter the sensitivity of neurons to neurotransmitters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a neuromodulator influencing pain perception and mood?

    <p>Endorphins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the overall level of excitation in a neural circuit be controlled?

    <p>By presynaptic inhibition of specific excitatory pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence if excitatory signals outweigh inhibitory signals in a postsynaptic neuron?

    <p>An action potential is more likely to be triggered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the cumulative effect of neurotransmitter release from a single presynaptic neuron?

    <p>Temporal summation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do neuromodulators such as endorphins affect neural circuits?

    <p>They regulate overall excitability and influence functions such as pain perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism allows a single strong impulse to be generated from several weaker impulses?

    <p>Spatial summation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves many presynaptic neurons influencing a single postsynaptic neuron?

    <p>Convergence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does facilitation improve the performance of a reflex pathway upon repeated activation?

    <p>By increasing the neurotransmitter release each time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the continuation of a reflex action after the stopping of afferent signals?

    <p>Reflex after-action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is convergence more widespread in the CNS?

    <p>Owing to a higher number of afferent neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of summation involves repeated stimulation of one presynaptic neuron?

    <p>Temporal summation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon converts a single impulse into multiple impulses?

    <p>Divergence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the excitation threshold reached in the process of summation?

    <p>By combining excitatory signals from multiple presynaptic neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which excitatory neurotransmitters induce smooth muscle contraction?

    <p>Activation of IP3-dependent Ca2+ release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of inhibition of smooth muscle contraction?

    <p>Ca2+ channel blockade by forskolin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in the regulation of smooth muscle tone in the vasculature?

    <p>Angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of neuromuscular transmission in smooth muscle?

    <p>Release of norepinephrine from sympathetic neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of muscle contraction in skeletal muscle?

    <p>Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of relaxation in smooth muscle?

    <p>Increase in cGMP levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an isotonic contraction?

    <p>Lifting a heavy weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driving force behind dynamic muscle work?

    <p>Increased oxygen demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

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