Biology Chapter on Cell Membrane Transport
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Questions and Answers

What substances are constantly moving across the cell membrane?

  • O2, CO2, nutrients, electrolytes, and waste products (correct)
  • Water and DNA
  • Lipids and hormones
  • Proteins and carbohydrates only

What are the two main categories of transport mechanisms across the cell membrane?

  • Simple and complex transport
  • Cellular and molecular transport
  • Passive and active transport (correct)
  • Primary and secondary transport

Which of the following accurately describes passive transport?

  • Only transports large molecules
  • Requires energy input from the cell
  • Moves substances against their concentration gradient
  • Occurs without the expenditure of energy (correct)

Which type of transport mechanism would be used to move nutrients into a cell against a concentration gradient?

<p>Active transport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is not typically transported across the cell membrane?

<p>Solid objects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of substances are primarily transported by simple diffusion?

<p>Fat-soluble substances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the simple diffusion of water-soluble substances like ions generally low?

<p>Their transport depends on the presence of specific channels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the passive diffusion of water across the cell membrane?

<p>Osmosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are aquaporins responsible for in the process of simple diffusion?

<p>Facilitating water movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is commonly transported through simple diffusion?

<p>Carbon dioxide (CO2) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of facilitated diffusion?

<p>It has a maximum transport rate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor directly influences the maximum rate of facilitated diffusion?

<p>Density of carrier proteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does facilitated diffusion primarily transport into the cell?

<p>Glucose molecules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the energy requirement of facilitated diffusion?

<p>It does not consume energy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is false regarding facilitated diffusion?

<p>Energy is always needed for transport. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of passive transport mechanisms?

<p>They transport substances from higher to lower concentration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diffusion does not utilize protein carriers?

<p>Simple diffusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of protein carriers in facilitated diffusion?

<p>They help transport substances from higher to lower concentration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the energy consumption of passive transport?

<p>It does not consume energy in transport. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes facilitated diffusion from simple diffusion?

<p>Facilitated diffusion requires protein carriers, whereas simple diffusion does not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one type of substance that moves across the cell membrane?

<p>O₂ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category do transport mechanisms across the cell membrane belong to?

<p>Passive and active (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a substance that moves across the cell membrane?

<p>Viruses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement does the transport of CO₂ across the cell membrane represent?

<p>Passive transport only (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the movement of substances across the cell membrane?

<p>Can occur actively or passively (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of primary active transport?

<p>It transports substances against their chemical or electrical gradient. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What energy source is typically consumed during primary active transport?

<p>Chemical energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the mechanism used in primary active transport?

<p>Carrier-mediated transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pump is an example of primary active transport?

<p>Na+ - K+ pump (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of using primary active transport in cells?

<p>Creation of electrochemical gradients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of primary active transport?

<p>It requires energy to transport substances. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples illustrates primary active transport?

<p>Na+-K+ pump. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In primary active transport, why is energy consumption necessary?

<p>To transport substances against their gradient. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do carriers play in primary active transport?

<p>They assist in the transport of substances across the membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the direction of substance movement in primary active transport?

<p>Substances move from low to high concentration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main source of energy for secondary active transport?

<p>Electrochemical gradient (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In co-transport, how does the transported substance move in relation to the primary substance?

<p>In the same direction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a substance during secondary active transport?

<p>It attaches to a carrier of another substance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between co-transport and antiport mechanisms?

<p>Co-transport moves substances in the same direction, antiport moves in opposite directions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes secondary active transport?

<p>It relies on the concentration gradient established by another substance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump?

<p>To exchange Na⁺ and K⁺ across the cell membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process relies on sodium ions (Na⁺) for the absorption of glucose by intestinal cells?

<p>Secondary active transport. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport mechanism is exemplified by glucose reabsorption in renal cells?

<p>Secondary active transport. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During primary active transport, what happens to sodium ions (Na⁺)?

<p>They are exchanged with potassium ions (K⁺). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes secondary active transport?

<p>It can involve the movement of substances against their gradient. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the uptake of liquid substances into a cell?

<p>Pinocytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the first step of endocytosis?

<p>The molecule fuses with the cell membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the endocytosis of solid substances such as bacteria?

<p>Phagocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In endocytosis, what happens after the cell membrane invaginates?

<p>The invagination separates to form a vesicle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes pinocytosis from phagocytosis?

<p>Pinocytosis involves the intake of liquid substances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cell membrane transport

The movement of substances across the cell membrane.

Passive transport

Movement of substances across a cell membrane without energy input.

Active transport

Movement of substances across a cell membrane requiring energy.

Substances transported across cell membrane

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, electrolytes and wastes cross the cell membrane.

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Constant movement across cell membrane

Substances are constantly moving in and out of the cell.

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Substances transported

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, electrolytes, and waste products.

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Constant Movement

Substances are continuously moving across the cell membrane.

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Simple Diffusion

Passive transport that moves substances across a cell membrane without the help of protein carriers.

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Facilitated Diffusion

Passive transport that moves substances across a cell membrane using protein carriers.

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High to Low Concentration

Passive transport moves substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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What's the difference between simple and facilitated diffusion?

Simple diffusion occurs directly across the membrane, while facilitated diffusion relies on protein carriers to help substances cross. Both are passive and move from high to low concentration.

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Primary active transport

Movement of a substance against its concentration gradient, requiring energy.

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What does primary active transport use?

Primary active transport uses energy from ATP hydrolysis, a process that breaks down ATP into ADP and phosphate.

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Carrier in primary active transport

Specific proteins bind to the substance being transported, facilitating its movement across the membrane.

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Na+ - K+ pump

A type of primary active transport that moves sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell and potassium ions (K+) into the cell.

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Why does primary active transport require energy?

Because it moves substances against their concentration gradient, from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

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What limits facilitated diffusion?

The maximum rate of facilitated diffusion is limited by the number of carrier proteins available on the cell membrane. Once all carrier proteins are occupied, further transport can't happen.

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Carrier protein density

The concentration of carrier proteins on the cell membrane directly impacts the maximum rate of facilitated diffusion.

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Glucose transport

An example of facilitated diffusion where glucose moves from the extracellular fluid into the cell using glucose transporters.

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Substances Transported by Simple Diffusion

Primarily fat-soluble substances like fatty acids, steroid hormones, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.

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Water-soluble Substances and Simple Diffusion

The simple diffusion of water-soluble substances like ions is low, but can be facilitated by opening of ion channels across the cell membrane.

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Osmosis

The passive diffusion of water across the cell membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration.

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Aquaporins

Water channels that facilitate the movement of water across the cell membrane during osmosis.

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Against Gradient

Moving a substance from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

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Carrier Protein

A protein embedded in a membrane that binds to a specific molecule and facilitates its transport.

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Energy Consumption

Primary active transport requires energy to move substances against their gradient.

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Secondary Active Transport

A type of active transport that uses the energy stored in the electrochemical gradient of another substance being actively transported to move a substance across a cell membrane.

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Co-transport

A type of secondary active transport where the substance being transported moves in the same direction as the primary substance that's being actively transported.

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Antiport

A type of secondary active transport where the substance being transported moves in the opposite direction of the primary substance that's being actively transported.

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What makes secondary active transport unique?

Secondary active transport utilizes the energy stored in the electrochemical gradient of a substance that is being actively transported, rather than directly using ATP.

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How is secondary active transport different from primary active transport?

Primary active transport uses energy directly from ATP hydrolysis, while secondary active transport uses the energy stored in the electrochemical gradient of another substance being transported.

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Sodium-Potassium Pump

An example of primary active transport that moves Na⁺ out of the cell and K⁺ into the cell, maintaining ion gradients crucial for nerve impulses and muscle contraction.

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Endocytosis

The process of taking in molecules into a cell by engulfing them with the cell membrane and forming a vesicle.

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Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis where the cell takes in fluid containing dissolved substances.

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Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis where the cell takes in solid substances like bacteria or debris.

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How does endocytosis differ from passive transport?

Endocytosis is active transport, requiring energy, while passive transport does not require energy. Endocytosis involves the cell engulfing molecules, while passive transport involves substances moving across the membrane.

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What are the two main types of endocytosis?

Pinocytosis is the uptake of fluid, while phagocytosis is the uptake of solid particles.

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