Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a characteristic of malignant tumors?
Which of the following is a characteristic of malignant tumors?
- localized to tissue of origin
- metastatic (correct)
- well differentiated
- sense signals that restrict cell division
Gain-of-function mutations in which of the following genes typify colorectal carcinomas?
Gain-of-function mutations in which of the following genes typify colorectal carcinomas?
- APC
- p53
- K-ras (correct)
- all of the above
During metastasis, cells may undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition whereby there is a(n):
During metastasis, cells may undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition whereby there is a(n):
- increase in cell polarity.
- loss of cell-cell-adhesion. (correct)
- down-regulation in the expression of the Snail and Twist transcription factors.
- all of the above
Which of the following promotes angiogenesis?
Which of the following promotes angiogenesis?
In females, all the cells in a tumor have the same inactive X chromosome. The reason for this is that:
In females, all the cells in a tumor have the same inactive X chromosome. The reason for this is that:
Which of the following is NOT a microscopic characteristic of tumor cells?
Which of the following is NOT a microscopic characteristic of tumor cells?
2-hydroxyglutarate is produced in cancer cells:
2-hydroxyglutarate is produced in cancer cells:
Which of the following is NOT a role for the tumor microenvironment?
Which of the following is NOT a role for the tumor microenvironment?
Which of the following proteins involved in angiogenesis is paired correctly with its function?
Which of the following proteins involved in angiogenesis is paired correctly with its function?
Which of the following interventions would NOT be likely to prevent tumor cells from metastasizing?
Which of the following interventions would NOT be likely to prevent tumor cells from metastasizing?
A bone tumor sample appears to be heterozygous for a p53 mutation. The most likely explanation for this finding is:
A bone tumor sample appears to be heterozygous for a p53 mutation. The most likely explanation for this finding is:
Direct-acting carcinogens are those that:
Direct-acting carcinogens are those that:
Telomerase:
Telomerase:
Exposure to benzo(a)pyrene is most frequently associated with which type of cancer?
Exposure to benzo(a)pyrene is most frequently associated with which type of cancer?
The first line of defense against point mutations is:
The first line of defense against point mutations is:
Which of the following is NOT evidence that smoking causes lung cancer?
Which of the following is NOT evidence that smoking causes lung cancer?
If colon cancers could be prevented by intervening in the earliest molecular changes during multi-hit progression, the molecule you would target for intervention would be:
If colon cancers could be prevented by intervening in the earliest molecular changes during multi-hit progression, the molecule you would target for intervention would be:
Transgenic mice that express an activated oncogene like ras under the control of the TetOFF system are likely to undergo which of the following events when tetracycline is given?
Transgenic mice that express an activated oncogene like ras under the control of the TetOFF system are likely to undergo which of the following events when tetracycline is given?
Which of the following is(are) a tumor suppressor gene?
Which of the following is(are) a tumor suppressor gene?
Which of the following is a proto-oncogene?
Which of the following is a proto-oncogene?
Germ-line mutations in which of the following has(have) been implicated in hereditary cancers?
Germ-line mutations in which of the following has(have) been implicated in hereditary cancers?
Hereditary cancers typically possess loss-of-heterozygosity in:
Hereditary cancers typically possess loss-of-heterozygosity in:
Cancer genome analysis has been utilized for all the following applications, except:
Cancer genome analysis has been utilized for all the following applications, except:
Ras is a:
Ras is a:
Burkitt's lymphoma results from the overproduction of:
Burkitt's lymphoma results from the overproduction of:
Which of the following proteins belong to the control system that regulates cells past a certain point in late G₁ (START)?
Which of the following proteins belong to the control system that regulates cells past a certain point in late G₁ (START)?
The human papillomavirus E7 protein inhibits the function of:
The human papillomavirus E7 protein inhibits the function of:
MicroRNAs are a new class of oncogenic factors because they function:
MicroRNAs are a new class of oncogenic factors because they function:
A gain-of-function mutation in ______ will bypass restriction point controls.
A gain-of-function mutation in ______ will bypass restriction point controls.
A loss-of-function mutation in ______ would have the same effect as a gain-of-function mutation in Ras.
A loss-of-function mutation in ______ would have the same effect as a gain-of-function mutation in Ras.
Flashcards
Malignant tumor characteristic
Malignant tumor characteristic
Metastatic; spreads to different tissues.
Colorectal carcinoma oncogene
Colorectal carcinoma oncogene
Gain-of-function mutation in K-ras.
Metastasis epithelial-mesenchymal transition
Metastasis epithelial-mesenchymal transition
Loss of cell-cell adhesion during metastasis.
Angiogenesis promoter
Angiogenesis promoter
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Tumor cell inactive X chromosome
Tumor cell inactive X chromosome
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Direct-acting carcinogen
Direct-acting carcinogen
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Telomerase function
Telomerase function
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Lung cancer association
Lung cancer association
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First line of DNA mutation defense
First line of DNA mutation defense
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Multi-hit model of cancer
Multi-hit model of cancer
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Tumor suppressor gene examples
Tumor suppressor gene examples
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Proto-oncogene example
Proto-oncogene example
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Hereditary cancer implications
Hereditary cancer implications
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p53 mutation effect
p53 mutation effect
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Gain-of-function mutation
Gain-of-function mutation
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Loss-of-function mutation
Loss-of-function mutation
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Warburg effect
Warburg effect
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Microscopic tumor cell characteristic
Microscopic tumor cell characteristic
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2-hydroxyglutarate production in cancer
2-hydroxyglutarate production in cancer
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Role in tumor microenvironment
Role in tumor microenvironment
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Study Notes
Cancer Characteristics
- Malignant tumors are characterized by metastasis, not being localized to the tissue of origin, and not having signals to restrict cell division.
Colorectal Carcinomas
- Gain-of-function mutations in K-ras genes typify colorectal carcinomas.
Metastasis
- During metastasis, cells may lose cell-cell adhesion.
Angiogenesis
- EGF, PDGF, TGF, and VEGF promote angiogenesis.
Tumor Cells: Microscopic Characteristics
- Tumor cells typically have a high nucleus to cytoplasm ratio, have a greater percentage of mitotic cells, and have few specialized structures.
2-hydroxyglutarate in Cancer Cells
- 2-hydroxyglutarate is produced because of mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase in cancer cells.
Tumor Microenvironment
- The tumor microenvironment plays a role in relaying information to cancer cells, interacting with immune cells, and mediating inflammation, but not in mutating tumor cells.
Angiogenesis
- VEGF receptors receive secreted signals to induce blood vessel growth
Preventing Tumor Metastasis
- Inhibitors of adhesion molecules, inhibitors of enzymes that degrade the basement membrane, and inhibitors of cell motility may prevent tumor metastasis.
P53 Mutation Explanation
- A bone tumor sample potentially heterozygous for a p53 mutation implies a dominant-negative p53 protein.
Direct-Acting Carcinogens
- Direct-acting carcinogens chemically react with nitrogen and phosphorus, mainly reactive electrophiles, in DNA.
Telomerase
- Telomerase contains reverse transcriptase.
Benzo(a)pyrene Exposure
- Benzo(a)pyrene exposure most frequently causes lung cancer.
Cancer Gene Analysis Applications
- Analyzing cancerous cells identifies patients suitable for molecularly targeted drugs, identifies driver mutations, and links chromosomal abnormalities to cancer.
Ras Gene
- Ras is a kinase
Src Gene
- Src is a kinase
Burkitt's Lymphoma
- Burkitt's lymphoma results from overproduction of Myc.
ErbB and Her2 Oncogenesis
- ErbB and Her2 encode constitutively active receptor tyrosine kinases that drive cell growth.
Myelogenous Leukemia Treatment
- Gleevec inhibits the Abl kinase activity in CML cells.
Cell Cycle Regulation and START
- CDK4 and Rb control cell cycle signaling past the G1 phase (start).
HPV E7 Protein Function Interference
- The human papillomavirus E7 protein interferes with Rb function.
MicroRNAs
- MicroRNAs function as both tumor suppressors and oncogenes.
p53 Mutation Mechanism
- p53 mutations cause a dominant-negative effect preventing normal function as it is a tetramer of identical subunits.
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