Biology Nucleic Acids
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Questions and Answers

What are the functional units of nucleic acids?

nucleotides

Which statement is correct about RNA?

  • Contains thymine
  • Composed of nucleotides
  • Double-stranded
  • Single-stranded (correct)

    • DNA is always double-stranded.

    True

    RNA contains the sugar ________.

    <p>ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following DNA bases with their complementary pair:

    <p>Adenine (A) = Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) = Guanine (G)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during transcription?

    <p>RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nucleic Acids

    • Nucleic acids are composed of repeating units of nucleotides
    • Nucleotides are the functional units of nucleic acids
    • A nucleotide is composed of:
      • 5-carbon sugar
      • Phosphate group
      • Nitrogenous base

    DNA and RNA

    • DNA is double-stranded, while RNA is single-stranded
    • DNA contains deoxyribose, while RNA contains ribose
    • DNA and RNA have different sugar molecules, which distinguishes them

    Nitrogenous Bases

    • DNA has four nitrogenous bases:
      • Adenine (A)
      • Thymine (T)
      • Cytosine (C)
      • Guanine (G)
    • RNA has four nitrogenous bases:
      • Adenine (A)
      • Uracil (U)
      • Cytosine (C)
      • Guanine (G)
    • Purine bases have a double carbon-nitrogen ring and include A and G
    • Pyrimidine bases have a single carbon-nitrogen ring and include T and C

    DNA Structure

    • DNA has a double helix structure, allowing for faithful replication
    • Complementary base pairing occurs between A-T and C-G
    • A-T pairs have 2 hydrogen bonds, while C-G pairs have 3 hydrogen bonds
    • DNA strands are antiparallel and complementary

    DNA Replication

    • DNA replication occurs in 2 steps:
      1. Separate DNA double helix into 2 strands via helicase
      2. DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each strand in the 5'-3' direction
    • Replication occurs in the 5'-3' direction, creating 2 new DNA double helixes

    The Genome

    • The genome is the complete set of information of an organism's DNA
    • Exons make up 2% of the genome, while introns make up 98%
    • Exons are coding regions, while introns are non-coding regions

    Packaging of Genome

    • DNA is wrapped around histone proteins to condense it into the nucleus
    • Chromatin is the combination of DNA and histones
    • Chromosomes are condensed chromatin
    • Centromere is the center of the chromosome
    • Telomere is the end of the chromosome

    Karyotype

    • Karyotype is the complete set of chromosomes
    • Can be used to identify chromosomal mutations (e.g. extra/missing chromosomes)

    Central Dogma

    • Describes the flow of genetic information during cell growth and replication
    • DNA → RNA → Protein

    Transcription

    • Transcription occurs from DNA to RNA
    • Unwinding of DNA double helix occurs, followed by RNA polymerase forming RNA
    • Complementary base pairing occurs during transcription

    Translation

    • Translation occurs from RNA to Protein
    • Requires mRNA, tRNA, and ribosome
    • Amino acids are brought to the ribosome by tRNA
    • Energy and enzymes are required for translation

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of nucleic acids, including DNA, RNA, and their composition. Learn about the structure and function of nucleic acids and their subunits.

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