Biology Nɔŋmɛŋaa

Nɔŋmɛŋaa ni ji gbɔmɔtsoŋ nibii a he nikasemɔ.

• Biology ji nɔŋmɛŋaa ni kɔɔ wala he.
• Emli kɔɔ gbɔmɔtsoŋ nibii a gbɛjianɔtoo, nitsumɔ, yitsoŋkpɔŋ, shishijee, tsakemɔ, kɛ gbɛjianɔtoo he.
• Biology mli saji titrii ji cell theory, gene theory, tsakemɔ, homeostasis, kɛ hewalɛ.
• Biology kɔɔ nɔŋmɛŋaa gbɛjekpamɔ babaoo a he, ni tsɔɔ biochemistry, microbiology, genetics, botany, zoology, kɛ ecology.

Cell Biology

• Cell ji wala he fãtitrii.
• Wala yɛ gbɔmɔtsoŋ nibii kome loo nɔ ni fe nakai a he.
• Cell theory tsɔɔ akɛ cell fɛɛ jɛ cell ni yɔɔ dani awo lɛ nɔŋŋ mli.
• Cell yɛ gbɔmɔtsoŋ nibii srɔtoi babaoo, eko fɛɛ eko yɛ enitsumɔ pɔtee.
• Nucleus yɛ cell lɛ gbɔmɔtsoŋ nibii amli jogbaŋŋ nibii (DNA).
• Mitochondria ji nɔ ni haa anyɛŋ hewalɛ (ATP) adu.
• Ribosomes nɔŋŋ ji he ni afeeɔ protein yɛ.
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) kɔɔ protein kɛ lipid feemɔ he.
• Golgi apparatus tsɔɔ protein he gbɛjianɔ kɛ agbaa.
• Lysosomes yɛ enzyme ni yɔɔ gbɔmɔtsoŋ loo mli.
• Cell membrane kudɔɔ nibii ni yaa cell lɛ mli kɛ agbɛŋkɛlɛ.
• Cell gbajemɔ baa kɛtsɔ mitosis nɔ (kɛha yitsoŋkpɔŋ kɛ saamɔ) kɛ meiosis (kɛha gbɔmɛi awuyeli).

Genetics

• Genetics ji nɔŋmɛŋaa ni kɔɔ gbɔmɔtsoŋ nibii a gbɛjianɔtoo kɛ srɔtofeemɔ yɛ wala mli.
• Genes ji gbɔmɔtsoŋ nibii a gbɛjianɔtoo fãi ni jɛ DNA mli.
• DNA yɛ nucleotides: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), kɛ thymine (T).
• DNA ji gbɔmɔtsoŋ srɔtoi enyɔ, A kɛ T feɔ ekome, C kɛ G hu feɔ ekome.
• Gene jiemɔ kɔɔ ŋmaa he (DNA kɛ yaa RNA) kɛ shishiitsɔɔmɔ (RNA kɛ yaa protein).
• Tsakemɔ ji tsakemɔ yɛ DNA gbɛjianɔtoo ni baanyɛ aha gbɔmɔtsoŋ nibii srɔtofeemɔ aba.
• Gboshinii tsɔɔmɔ gbɛjianɔtoo (kɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ, Mendelian genetics) tsɔɔ bɔ ni atsiɔ su kɛjɛɔ fɔlɔi aŋɔɔ kɛbaa bii aŋɔɔ.
• Chromosomes ji gbɔmɔtsoŋ nibii amli jogbaŋŋ nibii ni wooo gene.
• Adesai yɛ chromosomes akɔŋ 23, ni gbɔmɛi agboshinii fata he (XX kɛha yei, XY kɛha hii).

Tsakemɔ

• Tsakemɔ ji tsakemɔ yɛ gbɔmɔtsoŋ nibii ni baanyɛ gboshinii yɛ gbɔmɛi ni yɔɔ wala mli ahe.
• Gbɔmɔtsoŋ he tsɔɔ lɛ gbɔmɔtsoŋ nibii titrii, he ni gbɔmɛi ni yɔɔ tsɔ̃i ni yɔɔ sɛɛnamɔ baanyɛ ahi shi ni awo yɛ.
• Gbɔmɔtsoŋ srɔtofeemɔ he miihia kɛha tsakemɔ ni abaaba.
• Gbɔmɔtsoŋ nibii a he baafee tsɔɔ tsɔ̃i ni woɔ wala mli jogbaŋŋ kɛ gbɔmɔtsoŋ nibii awo yɛ gbɔmɔtsoŋ nibii ni yɔɔ.
• Odaseyeli kɛha tsakemɔ jɛ blema nibii amli kɛ gbɔmɔtsoŋ nibii a he nikasemɔ, yimɔ he nikasemɔ, kɛ molecule biology.
• Gbɔmɔtsoŋ he feemɔ ji gbɛjianɔtoo ni gbɔ̃mɛi srɔtoi he baa.
• Phylogeny ji gbɔmɔtsoŋ wala srɔtofeemɔ yɛ gbɔmɛi aŋɔɔ.

Adesa Gbɔmɔtsoŋ Nibii A He Nikasemɔ

• Adesa gbɔmɔtsoŋ nibii a he nikasemɔ ji adesa gbɔmɔtsoŋ gbɛjianɔtoo.
• Emli kɔɔ gbɔmɔtsoŋ he fãi, gbɔmɔtsoŋ he yɛ gbɔmɔtsoŋ nibii amli.
• Bei pii lɛ akaseɔ gbɔmɔtsoŋ he nikasemɔ kɛtsɔ gbɔmɔtsoŋ hemɔ nɔ, gbɔmɔtsoŋ he yɛ nibii amli jogbaŋŋ (kɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ, X-rays, MRI), kɛ mikroskop he nikasemɔ.
• Adesa gbɔmɔtsoŋ nibii a he nikasemɔ kɔɔ adesa gbɔmɔtsoŋ nitsumɔ he nikasemɔ jogbaŋŋ, ni ji adesa gbɔmɔtsoŋ nitsumɔ he nikasemɔ.

Wui Gbɛjianɔtoo

• Ehaa mɔ tsutsuo, buu he, kɛ gbɛtsɔŋ.
• Ewɔɔ wui, gbɔmɔtsoŋ gbɛjianɔ, wuji, kɛ gbɔmɔtsoŋ kpɛŋkpɛŋiŋi.
• Wui gbɛjianɔtoo kɔɔ yitsoŋ, wui asɛŋ, kɛ wui akpɔŋŋ.
• Wui gbɛjianɔtoo ni yɔɔ gbɔmɔtsoŋ nibii ahe kɔɔ gbɔmɔtsoŋ he fãi, gbɔmɔtsoŋ wuji ni yɔɔ wui amli, kɛ gbɔmɔtsoŋ nibii ni yɔɔ kɛ yɛ wu mli.
• Wui kpeemɔ ji hei ni wui amli jɛɔ, ni ehaa gbɛtsɔŋ yɛ.

Gbɔmɔtsoŋ He Gbɛjianɔtoo

• Nɔ ni woɔ gbɛtsɔŋ, gbɔmɔtsoŋ gbɛjianɔtoo, kɛ la gbɔmɔ.
• Eji gbɔmɔtsoŋ gbɛjianɔtoo, gbɔmɔtsoŋ he gbɛjianɔ ni yɔɔ kpɛŋkpɛŋŋ, kɛ tsui he.
• Gbɔmɔtsoŋ he gbɛjianɔ ni yɔɔ kpɛŋkpɛŋŋ kɔɔ wui ahe ni woɔ gbɛtsɔŋ kɛ gbɔmɛi asu.
• Tsui he gbɔmɔtsoŋ he gbɛjianɔtoo nɔŋŋ yɔɔ tsui lɛ mli ni woɔ la.
• Gbɔmɔtsoŋ he kudii kɔɔ actin kɛ myosin okpɔŋgbɔŋ he.

Nɔŋaa Gbɛjianɔtoo

• Ekudɔɔ kɛ etoɔ gbɔmɔtsoŋ nitsumɔ he gbɛjianɔ.
• Ewɔɔ yitsoŋ, wui asɛŋ, kɛ nɔŋaa.
• Gbɔmɔtsoŋ titrii nɔŋaa (CNS) kɔɔ yitsoŋ kɛ wui asɛŋ.
• Gbɔmɔtsoŋ naagbee nɔŋaa (PNS) kɔɔ nɔŋaa fɛɛ ni yɔɔ CNS sɛɛ.
• Neurons ji gbɔmɔtsoŋ nibii ni yɔɔ nɔŋaa gbɛjianɔtoo mli, ni etsɔɔ la ni yaa kɛ baa.
• Aja yitsoŋ lɛ yɛ hei srɔtoi babaoo, ni tsɔɔ cerebrum, cerebellum, kɛ brainstem.
• Wui asɛŋ tsɔɔ la ni yaa kɛ baa yɛ yitsoŋ kɛ gbɔmɔtsoŋ he fɛɛ aŋɔɔ.
• Nɔŋaa tsɔɔ la ni yaa kɛ baa yɛ CNS kɛ gbɛjekpamɔ lɛ teŋ.
• Gbɔmɔtsoŋ henɔ yɛ nibii ni jɛ shihilɛ amli.

Endocrine Gbɛjianɔtoo

• Etoɔ gbɔmɔtsoŋ nitsumɔ he gbɛjianɔ kɛtsɔ gboshinii anɔŋaa nɔ.
• Ewɔɔ gbɔmɔtsoŋ he, ni tsɔɔ gboshinii anɔŋaa yɛ la gbɛjianɔtoo.
• Gbɔmɔtsoŋ he titrii kɔɔ pituitary, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, kɛ gonads ahe.
• Gboshinii anɔŋaa toɔ nitsumɔ he gbɛjianɔ babaoo, ni tsɔɔ gbɔmɔ, nitsumɔ, wuyeli, kɛ gbɔmɔ.

Cardiovascular Gbɛjianɔtoo

• Woɔ la, mu, niyeli nibii, kɛ mujiaŋ yibii yɛ gbɔmɔtsoŋ he fɛɛ shi.
• Ewɔɔ tsui, ŋmɔŋ, kɛ la.
• Tsui ji gbɔmɔtsoŋ he gbɛjianɔ ni ŋmɔɔ la.
• Arteries woyaa la kɛjɛɔ tsui.
• Veins woba la kɛjɛɔ tsui kɛbaa.
• Capillaries ji ŋmɔŋ bibii ni haa akɛ nibii tsakeɔ la kɛ gbɔmɔtsoŋ gbɛjianɔtoo.
• La woɔ plasma, la gbɔmɔtsoŋ he tsuikukuji, la gbɔmɔtsoŋ he yɛ fɛŋŋŋ, kɛ platelets.

Fũ Gbɛjianɔtoo

• Sɔ̃ yɛ mu kɛ carbon dioxide tsakemɔ he.
• Ewɔɔ fũ, gbɛjegbɛi ahe, kɛ diaphragm.
• Mu gbɔmɔyaa gbɔmɔtsoŋ nɛɛ nɔŋŋ kɛ yitsooŋ.
• Trachea (lafɔ̃ŋ gbɛ) yaa mu kɛ yaa fũ gbɛjianɔtoo.
• Fũ gbɛjianɔtoo yɛ alveoli, he ni mu tsake jɛɔ.
• Diaphragm ji gbɔmɔtsoŋ he gbɛjianɔ ni yeɔ ebuaa yɛ fũ gbɛjianɔtoo.

Niyenii Gbɛjianɔtoo

• Ekuuɔ niyenii ni emii niyeli nibii.
• Ewɔɔ yitsoŋ, esophagus, aŋaa, gbɔmɔtsoŋ he bibioo, gbɔmɔtsoŋ he babaoo, afee, pancreas, kɛ gallbladder.
• Akpaa niyenii shii kɛtsɔ kudii anɔ (gbɛŋmɔ) kɛ kemikali (enzymes).
• Gbɔmɔtsoŋ he bibiooo nɔŋŋ ji he ni amii niyeli nibii yɛ.
• Gbɔmɔtsoŋ he babaoo miɔɔ nu ni woɔ he.
• Afii feeɔ bile, ni yeɔ ebuaa ni akpaa mu shii.
• Pancreas feeɔ enzyme ni kuuɔ carbohydrates, protein, kɛ mu shii.

Wɔŋsane Gbɛjianɔtoo

• Efaa mujiaŋ yibii kɛjɛɔ la gbɛjianɔtoo ni ekojiaŋ yɛ wɔŋsane gbɛjianɔtoo.
• Ewɔɔ yaa, ureters, bladders, kɛ urethra.
• Yaa faa la ni efeeɔ wɔŋsane.
• Ureters woɔ wɔŋsane kɛjɛɔ yaa kɛ yaa bladder gbɛjianɔtoo.
• Bladder tooɔ wɔŋsane.
• Urethra woɔ wɔŋsane kɛjɛɔ bladder kɛ yaa gbɛjekpamɔ.

Wuyeli Gbɛjianɔtoo

• Eyɛ sɔ̃ kɛha gbɔmɛi awuyeli.
• Hii awuyeli gbɛjianɔtoo kɔɔ testes, vas deferens, prostate gland, kɛ falus ahe.
• Yei awuyeli gbɛjianɔtoo kɔɔ ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, kɛ vagina ahe.
• Testes feeɔ sperm.
• Ovaries feeɔ wo.
• Woyaa baaba kɛ sperm kɛ wo feɔ ekome.
• Hɔɔ lɛ kɔɔ wo ni baaba yɛ uterus gbɛjianɔtoo.

Lymph gbɛjianɔtoo

• Ekuɔ nu kɛ yaa la gbɛjianɔtoo ni eyeɔ ebuaa ni gbɔmɛi asɔ̃ŋ baŋ yɛ nɔ.
• Ewɔɔ lymph ŋmɔŋ, lymph gbɔmɔtsoŋ gbɛjianɔtoo, kɛ lymph gbɔmɔtsoŋ nibii.
• Lymph ji nu ni tamɔ la plasma ni nyiɛɔ gbɛ yɛ lymph gbɛjianɔtoo.
• Lymph gbɔmɔtsoŋ he fai faa lymph kɛ gbɔmɛi asɔ̃ŋ cell.
• Lymph gbɔmɔtsoŋ nibii kɔɔ gbɔmɔtsoŋ, thymus, and tonsils hei.