Biology: Mutations and Protein Synthesis

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of mRNA in protein synthesis?

  • To assemble amino acids into proteins
  • To store genetic information permanently
  • To replicate DNA in the nucleus
  • To transport genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (correct)

How many different amino acids are primarily used to build human proteins?

  • 25
  • 20 (correct)
  • 15
  • 10

Which part of the DNA structure is specifically responsible for holding the genetic instructions?

  • Deoxyribose sugar
  • Phosphate group
  • Nucleotides (correct)
  • Histones

Which of the following statements correctly describes RNA's differences from DNA?

<p>RNA is single-stranded and contains uracil instead of thymine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can happen when a mutation disrupts an essential cellular function?

<p>The cell may die if the mutation is lethal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which base always pairs with cytosine in the DNA structure?

<p>Guanine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between mutations and inherited diseases?

<p>Persistent mutations can be passed from parent to child (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do histones play in the cellular structure?

<p>They help package DNA into chromatins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of transcription in protein synthesis?

<p>It synthesizes mRNA from DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is mRNA necessary for synthesizing proteins in the cytoplasm?

<p>DNA cannot exit the nucleus due to its size (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Protection and Survival

  • Mutations can be lethal, disrupting essential cellular function.
  • Immune cells can detect and destroy mutated cells.
  • Mutations can alter cell function without causing cell death, leading to diseases like cancer.
  • Persistent mutations in the genome can be inherited, causing inherited diseases like phenylketonuria or cystic fibrosis.

Protein Synthesis

  • DNA contains essential biological information for protein synthesis.
  • Proteins are the building blocks of the body and essential for biochemical processes.
  • Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) carries genetic instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein production.

Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA)

  • mRNA is a single-stranded chain of nucleotides synthesized in the nucleus.
  • mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis.
  • Key differences between RNA and DNA:
    • RNA is single-stranded, while DNA is double-stranded.
    • RNA contains ribose sugar, while DNA contains deoxyribose sugar.
    • RNA uses uracil instead of thymine.

Notable Points

  • Chromosomes: Composed of tightly coiled DNA, responsible for carrying genetic information.
  • Chromatin: Loosely packed DNA, found in the nucleus of non-dividing cells.
  • Histones: Structural proteins that help package DNA into chromosomes.
  • DNA:
    • Composed of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). Pairs with cytosine.
    • Contains deoxyribose sugar and a phosphate group.

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