Protein Synthesis & Mutations Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Transcription of the DNA sequence AAGCTGGGA would most directly result in which of the following?

  • a mRNA strand with the sequence UUCGACCCU (correct)
  • a DNA strand with the sequence TTCGACCCT
  • a mRNA strand with the sequence TTCGACCCT
  • a sequence of three amino acids, linked by peptide bonds

The function of transfer RNA (tRNA) is to:

  • retrieve amino acids from the cytoplasm for protein building. (correct)
  • carry genetic information to the ribosomes.
  • unzip the double helix so transcription can begin.
  • produce a complementary strand of DNA.

A mutation is a change in an organism's DNA. Using your understanding of biology, what would most likely cause a mutation?

  • The insertion of a nucleotide into DNA (correct)
  • The movement of transfer RNA out of the nucleus
  • The release of messenger RNA from DNA
  • The placement of ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum

A scientist puts nucleotide chains of UUUUUU in a test tube under conditions allowing protein synthesis. Soon the test tube is full of polypeptide chains composed of only one amino acid phenylalanine. What does this experiment indicate?

<p>UUU codes for the amino acid phenylalanine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sequence of DNA ATCAGCGCTGGC is part of a gene. How many amino acids are coded for by this segment?

<p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

In order to determine the molecular sequence of a gene for a protein, which molecule should be analyzed?

<p>DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bonds must be broken in order to separate the strands of DNA during transcription?

<p>hydrogen bonds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Four different segments of a DNA molecule are represented below. Which segment has a mutation?

<p>segment 2 and 4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A diagram of a cellular process is shown to the right. Which of the following identifies the process shown at point Z?

<p>Translation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the site of translation eukaryotes?

<p>Cytoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The figure to the right shows an RNA molecule found within the cell. What does the letter P represent in this nucleotide?

<p>phosphate group (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Although there are a limited number of amino acids, many different types of proteins exist because the

<p>sequence and number of amino acids is different. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During transcription, what function does messenger RNA carry?

<p>It delivers DNA's instructions for making proteins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a characteristic of RNA?

<p>It is a permanent copy of a segment of DNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A segment of DNA has undergone a mutation. The original sequence was ACG and the new sequence is ACA. Use the codon table to determine whether or not this mutation will cause a change in the phenotype of the organism.

<p>Even though the DNA sequence changed, the sequence still codes for the same amino acid, so no change in phenotype will occur. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Translate the following RNA strand AUG-CCC-GAG-UGA-ACC

<p>Met-Pro-Glu-STOP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the functions of DNA and RNA differ?

<p>DNA stores genetic information, while RNA relays genetic information for protein synthesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A frameshift mutation in a gene encoding a protein usually

<p>results in the production of a nonfunctional peptide. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Use the figure to the right to answer the following question. The building blocks of molecule 3 illustrated above are known as

<p>amino acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much DNA is copied for protein synthesis?

<p>1 Gene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are nitrogen bases in protein synthesis EXCEPT:

<p>thymine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation has the biggest effect on an organism's phenotype?

<p>chromosomal mutation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell would a mutation need to happen in to be seen in the offspring?

<p>gamete cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Transcription

The process of copying genetic information from DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA).

Translation

The process of converting the genetic code carried by mRNA into a chain of amino acids, forming a protein.

Codon

A sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.

Anticodon

A sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA that is complementary to a codon on mRNA.

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Mutation

A permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism.

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Point Mutation

A mutation that alters a single nucleotide in a DNA sequence.

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Frameshift Mutation

A mutation that inserts or deletes a nucleotide, shifting the reading frame of the genetic code.

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Gene Mutation

A mutation that affects a single gene.

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Chromosomal Mutation

A mutation that affects an entire chromosome, involving large-scale changes in DNA.

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Phenotype

The observable characteristics of an organism, determined by its genotype and environment.

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Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism, represented by its DNA sequence.

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Ribosome

A cellular structure where protein synthesis takes place.

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Transfer RNA (tRNA)

RNA molecule that carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation.

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Messenger RNA (mRNA)

RNA molecule that carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome.

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Amino Acid

The building blocks of proteins, linked together by peptide bonds.

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Protein

A complex molecule made up of amino acids, involved in various functions within the body.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, a molecule that stores genetic information.

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RNA

Ribonucleic acid, involved in protein synthesis.

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Nucleotide

The building blocks of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

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Nitrogenous Base

One of the four chemical bases that make up DNA and RNA: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) in DNA, or uracil (U) in RNA.

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Peptide Bond

The bond that connects amino acids in a protein chain.

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Start Codon

The codon that signals the beginning of protein synthesis.

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Stop Codon

The codon that signals the end of protein synthesis.

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Genetic Code

The set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences) is translated into proteins.

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What is the primary function of DNA?

DNA stores genetic information, acting as the blueprint for building and maintaining an organism.

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What is the role of RNA in protein synthesis?

RNA acts as an intermediary, carrying the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes to guide protein production.

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How do mutations affect protein synthesis?

Mutations alter the DNA sequence, which can affect the mRNA sequence and therefore the protein that is produced. Changes in protein structure can affect its function.

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What is the difference between somatic and germline mutations?

Somatic mutations affect only the individual, while germline mutations are heritable and passed on to offspring.

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How does translation occur?

Translation is the process of reading the mRNA codons and assembling the corresponding amino acids into a protein chain.

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Study Notes

Protein Synthesis & Mutations Quiz - Study Notes

  • Question 1: Transcription of AAGCTGGGA results in a mRNA strand with the sequence UUCGACCCU.
  • Question 2: Transfer RNA (tRNA) retrieves amino acids from the cytoplasm for protein building.
  • Question 3: Mutations are changes in an organism's DNA. A likely cause is insertion of a nucleotide into the DNA sequence.
  • Question 4: Experiment with UUUUUU in a test tube producing only phenylalanine indicates that UUU codes for phenylalanine.
  • Question 5: The DNA sequence ATCAGCGCTGGC codes for 4 amino acids.
  • Question 6: DNA (DNA) must be analysed to determine the molecular sequence of a gene.
  • Question 7: Hydrogen bonds must be broken to separate DNA strands during transcription.
  • Question 8: Segment 2 has a mutation; its sequence differs from the others: (Segment 1: T-A-G-G-C; Segment 2: G-G-T-G-A; Segment 3: G-A-T-T-A; Segment 4: C-A-A-T-G)
  • Question 9: The process shown at point Z in the diagram is Transcription.
  • Question 10: Translation in eukaryotes occurs in the cytoplasm.
  • Question 11: The letter P in the RNA molecule represents a phosphate group.
  • Question 12: Proteins are diverse due to various sequences and numbers of amino acids.
  • Question 13: Messenger RNA delivers instructions for making proteins.
  • Question 14: RNA is not a permanent copy of DNA (RNA is an intermediate).
  • Question 15: A change in DNA sequence leading to a different amino acid coded for within a protein will result in a change in phenotype (observable characteristic). If the amino acid remains unchanged, there would be no phenotype change.
  • Question 16: AUG-CCC-GAG-UGA-ACC translates to Met-Pro-Glu-STOP.
  • Question 17: DNA stores genetic information, while RNA relays this information for protein synthesis.
  • Question 18: A frameshift mutation often results in a nonfunctional polypeptide by altering the reading frame.
  • Question 19: Amino acids (molecule 3) are the building blocks of proteins.
  • Question 20: A gene, not an entire chromosome, is copied for protein synthesis.
  • Question 21: Thymine is a nitrogen base in protein synthesis.
  • Question 22: Chromosomal mutations, affecting many genes, have the most impactful effect on an organism's phenotype, compared to gene mutations
  • Question 23: Gamete cells (sex cells) are the only type of cells whose mutations appear in offspring.

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Protein Synthesis & Mutations Quiz PDF

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Test your knowledge on protein synthesis and mutations with this comprehensive quiz. Each question covers essential concepts such as transcription, translation, and the implications of DNA mutations. Perfect for students studying genetics or molecular biology.

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