Biology Midterm Quiz - Multiple Choice

Biology Midterm - Multiple Choice

• Data Types:

  • Qualitative data: Measurements of characteristics like seedling height
  • Quantitative data: Numerical measurements
  • Descriptive data: Information about the experiment
  • Theoretical data: Explanations about the experiment's methods

• Scientific Theory:

  • Biogenesis: The theory that living things come from other living things
  • Spontaneous generation: The disproven theory that life can arise from non-living matter
  • Scientific method: Systematic procedures for research
  • Botany: The study of plants
  • Peer-reviewed: Scientific papers reviewed by experts before publication
  • Published works: Scientific articles that are made publicly available

• Variables:

  • Constant variable: A variable kept the same throughout the experiment
  • Independent variable: The variable being changed in the experiment
  • Dependent variable: The variable being measured in the experiment
  • Changing Variable: The Independent Variable
  • Constant variable: The variable that remains the same throughout the experiment.

• Biological Concepts:

  • Homeostasis: The maintenance of a stable internal environment in living organisms
  • Metabolism: The chemical processes in living organisms
  • Growth: Change in size or shape of an organism
  • Development: The process by which an organism changes over time

• Cell Theory Components:

  • All cells come from pre-existing cells
  • Cells are made up of mostly empty space

• Atomic Structure:

  • Nucleus: Center of the atom, containing protons and neutrons
  • Protons: Positively charged particles
  • Neutrons: Neutral particles
  • Electrons: Negatively charged particles
  • Atomic Number: Number of protons in an atom
  • Atomic Mass: Sum of protons and neutrons in an atom

• Periodic Table Relationships:

  • Valence electrons: Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom
  • Alkali metals: Elements in Group 1 of the periodic table, with one valence electron
  • Energy levels: The levels where electrons are located in an atom

• Atomic Mass:

  • Determined by calculating the number of protons and neutrons.

• Element Identification:

  • Elements are identified by their atomic number.

• Microscopes:

  • Total magnification of a microscope: Calculated by multiplying the magnification of the eyepiece by the magnification of the objective lens

• Cellular Components:

  • Cell membrane: surrounds the cell.
  • Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus, which is a difference from eukaryotic cells.
  • Organelles are specialized structures found inside the cell, that perform specific functions
  • Vacuole: Storage space inside cells
  • Chloroplasts: Perform photosynthesis
  • Mitochondria: Generate energy for cells

• Photosynthesis:

  • Equation: Light + Carbon Dioxide + Water → Sugar + Oxygen
  • Chlorophyll: Important pigment in photosynthesis; absorbs sunlight

• Cell Transport:

  • Passive transport: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration
  • Facilitated diffusion: Movement of molecules across a membrane with the help of proteins
  • Active transport: Movement of molecules from low to high concentration, requiring energy
  • Endocytosis: Taking large molecules into the cell
  • Exocytosis: Releasing large molecules from the cell
  • Osmosis: Movement of water across a membrane
  • Hypertonic: Solution with high solute concentration
  • Hypotonic: Solution with low solute concentration
  • Isotonic: Solution with equal solute concentration

• Mitosis:

  • Cell division
  • Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase: Stages of mitosis