Biology Chapter 1 Quiz

Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology

• Observation: Gathering information using one or more senses (qualitative or quantitative)
• Data: Evidence or information gathered from observations.
• Inference: Logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience.
• Hypothesis: Possible explanation for observations or a scientific question; testable.
• Spontaneous Generation: Disproven hypothesis; life arises from non-living matter.
• Redi's Experiment (1668): Disproved spontaneous generation by examining maggot development on meat.
• Spallanzani's Experiment: Disproved spontaneous generation of microorganisms by boiling gravy and sealing flasks.
• Controlled Variable: Factors kept constant in an experiment to isolate the effect of a single variable.
• Manipulated Variable: The variable changed to observe its effect.
• Responding Variable: The variable that changes in response to the manipulated variable.
• Theory: Well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations; can be changed.
• Characteristics of Living Things:
  • Composed of cells
  • Reproduce
  • Based on a universal genetic code (DNA)
  • Grow and develop
  • Obtain and use energy (metabolism)
  • Respond to their environment
  • Maintain stable internal conditions (homeostasis)
  • Evolve (species only)
• Cells: Fundamental units of structure and function in living things.
• Sexual Reproduction: Mixing genetic material from two individuals for unique offspring.
• Asexual Reproduction: Reproduction producing genetically identical offspring from a single parent.
• Metabolism: All chemical reactions in cells, including anabolism and catabolism.
• Homeostasis: Ability to maintain constant internal conditions.
• Evolution: Change over time (species only).
• Levels of Biological Organization: Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere.

Chapter 2 & 3: Atoms, Molecules, and Chemical Reactions

• Atom: Smallest unit of matter, found in nucleus.
• Proton: Positively charged particle in the nucleus.
• Electron: Negatively charged particle outside the nucleus.
• Neutron: Neutral particle in the nucleus.
• Atomic Number: Number of protons.
• Atomic Mass: Sum of protons and neutrons.
• Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons, some radioactive.
• Compounds: Substances formed by two or more different elements.
• Covalent Bonds: Sharing of electrons between nonmetals.
• Ionic Bonds: Transfer of electrons between a metal and a nonmetal.
• Hydrogen Bonds: Weak bonds between molecules with F, O, or N and hydrogen.
• Polarity: Unequal distribution of charge within a molecule (nonpolar = neutral).
• Cohesion: Attraction between like substances (e.g., water).
• Adhesion: Attraction between unlike substances (e.g., water and glass).
• Mixtures: Combinations of substances where identities are retained (solutions, suspensions, colloids).
• Solutions: Solute (being dissolved) in a solvent (doing the dissolving).
• Suspensions: Dispersed particles not completely dissolved.
• pH Scale: Measures acidity; ranges from 0-14 (acidic <7, neutral=7, basic >7).
• Acids: More hydrogen ions (H+).
• Bases: More hydroxide ions (OH-).
• Buffers: Substances that neutralize small amounts of acid or base to maintain pH.
• Carbohydrates: Main source of energy.
• Lipids: Fats, oils, waxes, steroids.
• Proteins: Polymers of amino acids.
• Nucleic Acids: Carry genetic information (DNA, RNA).
• Saturation: System's capacity to absorb more substance.

Chapter 4 & 5: Cells

• Cell Theory: All organisms are composed of cells; cells are basic units of life; new cells arise from existing cells.
• Prokaryotes: Single-celled organisms lacking membrane-bound organelles and nuclei.
• Eukaryotes: Organisms with cells containing nuclei and membrane-bound organelles.
• Plant Cells: Contain cell walls; different organelles than animal cells.
• Animal Cells: Do not contain cell walls; simpler structure
• Unicellular/Multicellular Organisms.
• Cell Specialization: Cells in multicellular organisms have specific functions (e.g. red blood cells, skin cells, nerve cells).
• Levels of Organization: (reiterate from chapter 1)
• Passive Transport: Movement of materials from high to low concentration without energy (diffusion, osmosis).
• Active Transport: Movement of materials from low to high concentration using energy.
• Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
• Osmosis: Diffusion of water.
• Iso-, Hyper-, Hypotonic Solutions: Different concentrations of solutes relative to a cell.