Biology & Microbiology: Key Figures and Theories
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Questions and Answers

What is the Miasma Hypothesis?

Ancient belief that bad air causes diseases.

What were aqueducts and what was their purpose?

Built by Romans to remove 'bad air' believed to cause diseases.

Who was Hippocrates?

Father of Western medicine who believed diseases came from the environment.

Who was Thucydides?

<p>Greek historian who observed that survivors of the Plague became immune.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek?

<p>First to observe microorganisms using a microscope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Robert Koch?

<p>Proved that specific microbes cause specific infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Ignaz Semmelweis?

<p>Demonstrated that hand disinfection reduces infections in expecting mothers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Joseph Lister?

<p>The practice of preventing infection by using sterile techniques during surgery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Edward Jenner?

<p>The process of introducing a vaccine to stimulate immunity against a disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are microorganisms?

<p>Organisms that are microscopic, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Taxonomic system and who developed it?

<p>The science of classifying and organizing living organisms into categories. Developed by Carl Linnaeus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hierarchy of Taxons?

<p>The eight levels of classification in biology: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you write a Scientific Name?

<p>Initials, table number, genus name is capitalized (e.g., Escherichia), the species name is lowercase (e.g., coli).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the DNA Sequencing steps?

<ol> <li>Extract DNA: Collect and isolate DNA from a sample. 2. Amplify DNA: Use PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) to make many copies of the DNA. 3. Label DNA: Add markers or special tags to help identify the sequence. 4. Read the Sequence: Use a machine to determine the order of the nucleotides (A, T, G, C) in the DNA.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to be Autotrophic?

<ol> <li>Growth Test: Grow them in media without organic food (like glucose). If they grow, they are autotrophs. 2. Light Test: If they grow in light but not in darkness, they are photosynthetic autotrophs. 3. Chemical Test: If they grow using chemicals like hydrogen sulfide, they are chemosynthetic autotrophs.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

How can you tell if a cell has a Nucleus?

<ol> <li>Look for a Nucleus: If you see a nucleus, it is likely a eukaryote. If there's no nucleus, it is a prokaryote. 2. Check for Organelles: Eukaryotes have organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. Prokaryotes don't have membrane-bound organelles.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is Biochemical Testing?

<p>Sugar Test: Check if the microbe can break down sugars (e.g., glucose). Catalase Test: Put hydrogen peroxide on the microbe; if it bubbles, it has the enzyme catalase. Urease Test: If the microbe breaks down urea, it changes the color of the test medium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is staining?

<p>Gram Stain: Stains bacteria purple (Gram-positive) or pink (Gram-negative). Endospore Stain: Stains tough spores to help identify certain bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Miasma Hypothesis

Ancient belief that bad air causes diseases.

Aqueducts (Roman)

Structures built by Romans to remove 'bad air' believed to cause diseases.

Hippocrates

Father of Western medicine who believed diseases came from the environment.

Thucydides

Greek historian who observed that survivors of the Plague became immune.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

First to observe microorganisms using a microscope.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Robert Koch

Proved that specific microbes cause specific infections.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ignaz Semmelweis

Demonstrated that hand disinfection reduces infections in expecting mothers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Joseph Lister

The practice of preventing infection by using sterile techniques during surgery.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Edward Jenner

The process of introducing a vaccine to stimulate immunity against a disease.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Microorganisms

Organisms that are microscopic, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses.

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Taxonomic system

The science of classifying and organizing living organisms into categories.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Carl Linnaeus

Developed the taxonomic system.

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Hierarchy of Taxons

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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Writing a Scientific Name

Genus name is capitalized (e.g., Escherichia). The species name is lowercase (e.g., coli).

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Extract DNA

Collect and isolating DNA from a sample.

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Amplify DNA

Use PCR to make many copies of the DNA.

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Label DNA

Add markers or special tags to help identify the sequence.

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Read the Sequence

Use a machine to determine the order of the nucleotides (A, T, G, C) in the DNA.

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Growth Test (Autotrophs)

Grow them in media without organic food (like glucose). If they grow, they are autotrophs.

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Light Test (Autotrophs)

If they grow in light but not in darkness, they are photosynthetic autotrophs.

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Chemical test (Autotrophs)

If they grow using chemicals like hydrogen sulfide, they are chemosynthetic autotrophs.

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Growth Test (Heterotrophs)

Grow them in media containing organic carbon (like glucose). If they grow, they are heterotrophs.

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No Light Needed (Heterotrophs)

Heterotrophs do not require light for growth. They rely on organic material, not photosynthesis.

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Carbon source test (Heterotrophs)

If they only grow with organic compounds (like sugars or proteins), they are heterotrophs.

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Look for a Nucleus

If you see a nucleus, it is likely a eukaryote. If there's no nucleus, it is a prokaryote.

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Check for Organelles

Eukaryotes have organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. Prokaryotes don’t have membrane-bound organelles.

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Sugar Test

Check if the microbe can break down sugars (e.g., glucose).

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Catalase Test

Put hydrogen peroxide on the microbe; if it bubbles, it has the enzyme catalase.

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Urease test

If the microbe breaks down urea, it changes the color of the test medium.

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Gram Stain

Stains bacteria purple (Gram-positive) or pink (Gram-negative).

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Study Notes

  • Notes on key figures, theories, and methods used in biology and microbiology

Miasma Hypothesis

  • Ancient belief holding that diseases were caused by "bad air"

Aqueducts

  • Structures built by the Romans to remove "bad air," which they believed caused diseases

Hippocrates

  • Father of Western medicine
  • Believed that diseases came from the environment

Thucydides

  • Greek historian who observed that survivors of the Plague became immune

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

  • First person to observe microorganisms using a microscope

Robert Koch

  • Proved that specific microbes cause specific infections

Ignaz Semmelweis

  • Demonstrated that hand disinfection reduces infections in expecting mothers

Joseph Lister

  • Pioneered the practice of preventing infection by using sterile techniques during surgery

Edward Jenner

  • Developed the process of introducing a vaccine to stimulate immunity against a disease

Microorganisms

  • Microscopic organisms, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses

Taxonomic System

  • The science of classifying and organizing living organisms into categories
  • Developed by Carl Linnaeus

Hierarchy of Taxons

  • Eight levels of classification in biology: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Writing a Scientific Name

  • Include Initials
  • Table number
  • Genus name is capitalized
  • Species name is lowercase

DNA Sequencing Steps

  • Extract DNA: Collect and isolate DNA from a sample
  • Amplify DNA: Use PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) to make many copies of the DNA
  • Label DNA: Add markers or special tags to help identify the sequence
  • Read the Sequence: Use a machine to determine the order of the nucleotides (A, T, G, C) in the DNA

Autotrophic Organisms

  • Growth Test: Grow in media without organic food (like glucose); if they grow, they are autotrophs
  • Light Test: If they grow in light but not in darkness, they are photosynthetic autotrophs
  • Chemical Test: if they grow using chemicals like hydrogen sulfide, they are chemosynthetic autotrophs

Heterotrophic Organisms

  • Growth Test: Grow in media containing organic carbon (like glucose); if they grow, they are heterotrophs
  • No Light Needed: Heterotrophs do not require light for growth; they rely on organic material, not photosynthesis
  • Carbon Source Test: If they only grow with organic compounds (like sugars or proteins), they are heterotrophs

Identifying Cells by Nucleus

  • If a nucleus is present, it is likely a eukaryote.
  • If there is no nucleus, it is a prokaryote

Identifying Cells by Organelles

  • Eukaryotes have organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts
  • Prokaryotes don't have membrane-bound organelles

Biochemical Testing

  • Sugar Test: Check if the microbe can break down sugars
  • Catalase Test: Put hydrogen peroxide on the microbe. If it bubbles, it has the enzyme catalase
  • Urease Test: If the microbe breaks down urea, it changes the color of the test medium

Staining Techniques

  • Gram Stain: Stains bacteria purple (Gram-positive) or pink (Gram-negative)
  • Endospore Stain: Stains tough spores to help identify certain bacteria

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Description

Overview of key figures and their contributions to biology and microbiology, including the miasma hypothesis, Hippocrates, Leeuwenhoek, and Koch's postulates. Discusses early theories of disease and the development of germ theory.

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