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Questions and Answers
What encompasses all the chemical reactions that transform matter and energy in cells?
What encompasses all the chemical reactions that transform matter and energy in cells?
- Metabolism (correct)
- Photosynthesis
- Homeostasis
- Cellular respiration
Which process involves the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones?
Which process involves the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones?
- Metabolism
- Homeostasis
- Anabolism
- Catabolism (correct)
What results when catabolism exceeds anabolism?
What results when catabolism exceeds anabolism?
- Dynamic equilibrium
- Energy storage
- Weight loss (correct)
- Weight gain
Which type of energy is associated with the motion of objects?
Which type of energy is associated with the motion of objects?
What happens when anabolism exceeds catabolism in terms of energy?
What happens when anabolism exceeds catabolism in terms of energy?
Which of the following statements about metabolism is true?
Which of the following statements about metabolism is true?
In a state of dynamic equilibrium, what occurs with catabolism and anabolism?
In a state of dynamic equilibrium, what occurs with catabolism and anabolism?
Which of the following defines anabolism?
Which of the following defines anabolism?
What is the First Law of Thermodynamics often referred to as?
What is the First Law of Thermodynamics often referred to as?
Which of the following best describes exergonic reactions?
Which of the following best describes exergonic reactions?
What does entropy measure?
What does entropy measure?
Which equation correctly represents Gibbs’ Free Energy?
Which equation correctly represents Gibbs’ Free Energy?
In an endergonic reaction, what happens to the energy of the products compared to the reactants?
In an endergonic reaction, what happens to the energy of the products compared to the reactants?
What is the typical trend of entropy during energy transformations?
What is the typical trend of entropy during energy transformations?
When a chemical bond forms, what happens to the energy involved?
When a chemical bond forms, what happens to the energy involved?
What type of energy does ATP primarily store?
What type of energy does ATP primarily store?
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Study Notes
Metabolism
- Metabolism refers to all the chemical reactions in cells involving the transformations of matter and energy.
- These reactions occur in metabolic pathways that consist of a series of steps.
- Each step is catalyzed by an enzyme, converting a substrate into a product, which becomes the substrate for the next step.
Catabolism
- Catabolism breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones.
- Releases stored energy.
Anabolism
- Anabolism synthesizes complex molecules from simpler ones.
- Stores energy in chemical bonds.
Metabolism = Anabolism + Catabolism
- Metabolism represents the sum of all reactions in a living system.
- It involves anabolism and catabolism that occur simultaneously.
- Anabolism exceeding catabolism leads to growth or weight gain.
- Catabolism exceeding anabolism leads to weight loss.
- Catabolism and anabolism occurring at the same rate results in a state of dynamic equilibrium.
Energy
- All energy can be classified as kinetic or potential.
- Kinetic energy is possessed by moving objects.
- Potential energy is stored energy.
The Laws of Thermodynamics
- Thermodynamics studies the transfer and transformation of heat energy.
- Biological systems are open systems that exchange matter and energy with their surroundings.
The First Law of Thermodynamics
- Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be transformed or transferred.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
- The universe tends towards disorder (entropy increases) during any process.
- Energy transformations convert molecules from more ordered (less stable) to less ordered (more stable) states.
Free Energy
- Free energy is the energy from a chemical reaction available for doing work.
- It's represented by Gibbs' Free Energy: ∆G = ∆H - T∆S.
Exergonic/Exothermic Reaction
- Releases energy.
- Products have less energy than reactants.
- Energy is released.
- ∆G < 0.
Endergonic/Endothermic Reaction
- Requires energy.
- Products have more energy than reactants.
- Energy is absorbed.
- ∆G > 0.
Bond Energy
- Bond energy is the energy needed to break or form a chemical bond.
- Energy is released when a chemical bond forms.
- Energy is absorbed when a chemical bond breaks.
ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
- ATP stores a lot of energy.
- The hydrolysis of ATP releases energy.
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