Biology Metabolism and Energy Overview

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Questions and Answers

What type of work involves the movement of cells or cellular components?

Chemical work

Electrical work

Mechanical work (correct)

Transport work

What happens to ATP when it is hydrolyzed?

It is converted into glucose.

It is broken down into ADP and one inorganic phosphate. (correct)

It gains an additional phosphate group.

It forms ribose and adenine.

How is ATP regenerated from ADP?

By directly combining ADP with glucose.

Through an exergonic process in the ATP cycle. (correct)

Via a spontaneous reaction without energy input.

Through an endergonic reaction involving light energy.

What drives the endergonic reactions necessary for cellular work?

Energy released from exergonic reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the transfer of a phosphate group to another molecule?

Phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

What do the laws of thermodynamics indicate about a reaction?

They determine if a reaction is spontaneous. Signup and view all the answers

What role do enzymes play in metabolic reactions?

They lower the activation energy required for reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the induced fit model of enzyme activity?

Enzymes change their shape to improve substrate binding. Signup and view all the answers

Which factors can affect enzyme efficiency?

Temperature, pH, and chemicals. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when an enzyme's structure changes?

The enzyme cannot function properly. Signup and view all the answers

How many binding sites do allosteric enzymes have?

One active site and one allosteric site Signup and view all the answers

What effect does an allosteric inhibitor have on an enzyme?

Stabilizes the enzyme shape to keep active sites closed Signup and view all the answers

What defines cooperativity in allosteric regulation?

Substrate binding at one active site stabilizes the active form Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of an allosteric activator?

To stabilize the shape of the enzyme so that active sites remain open Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes the interactions involved in allosteric regulation?

Noncovalent interactions with the regulatory site Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of catabolic pathways in metabolism?

To release energy by breaking down complex molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines metabolism?

All chemical reactions in an organism Signup and view all the answers

What type of energy is associated with the movement of atoms or molecules?

Thermal energy Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during an anabolic pathway?

Energy is consumed to build complex molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the laws of thermodynamics?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enzymes in metabolic pathways?

To speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy Signup and view all the answers

Which type of energy is primarily involved in chemical reactions?

Chemical energy Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if there was a loss in energy flow in an organism?

The organism would eventually die Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of a fever in fighting off a virus?

It increases enzyme activity, enhancing immune response. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the virus's proteins when exposed to higher temperatures during a fever?

They undergo denaturation, disrupting their structure. Signup and view all the answers

What could be a dangerous consequence of a long-term fever?

Denaturation of the body's own healthy enzymes. Signup and view all the answers

How do vitamins function in the human body?

As coenzymes that aid in metabolic processes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a vitamin B12 deficiency?

Muscle weakness and fatigue due to low red blood cell production. Signup and view all the answers

Why are vitamins considered essential nutrients?

They support normal metabolic function and prevent deficiencies. Signup and view all the answers

What role do enzymes play in the immune response during a fever?

They catalyze reactions that help eliminate pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

How does a fever affect the virus's reproduction?

It slows down reproduction by denaturing viral proteins. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Metabolism

Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism.
Metabolic pathways are a series of chemical reactions that either build or break down complex molecules.
Enzymes catalyze metabolic reactions.

Energy

Energy is the ability to do work.
Kinetic energy is the energy associated with motion.
Potential energy is stored energy.
Chemical energy is potential energy stored in chemical bonds.
Organisms need energy to survive and function.

Cells and Energy

Cells are not at equilibrium and have a constant flow of materials in and out of the membrane.
Cells perform three kinds of work:
- Mechanical
- Transport
- Chemical
ATP is the primary energy currency used by cells.
- ATP couples exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions to power cellular work.
ATP is generated by phosphorylation, where a phosphate group from broken down ATP is added to a molecule to give it energy.
The ATP cycle is an exergonic process that regenerates ATP from ADP.

Rate of Metabolic Reactions

The rate of a reaction is how fast a reaction occurs.
Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy.

Enzymes

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze reactions.
They are not consumed in the reaction.
Each enzyme has an active site where the substrate binds.
The shape of the active site determines the enzyme's specificity.
Enzyme names typically end in "-ase".

Induced Fit

Enzymes can change shape to better bind to the substrate.

Enzyme Catabolism and Anabolism

Catabolic enzymes break down complex molecules.
Anabolic enzymes build up complex molecules.

Effects on Enzymes

Temperature, pH, and chemicals can affect enzyme function.
Changes in temperature or pH can denature enzymes, altering their shape and function.

Allosteric Regulation

Allosteric enzymes have two binding sites:
- Active site where the substrate binds.
- Allosteric site, where molecules bind.
Allosteric regulation is a way to control enzyme activity by changing the shape of the active site.
Allosteric activators bind to the allosteric site and increase enzyme activity.
Allosteric inhibitors bind to the allosteric site and decrease enzyme activity.

Cooperativity

Cooperativity is a type of allosteric regulation where binding of a substrate to one active site on an enzyme changes the shape of other active sites.

Vitamins and Coenzymes

Vitamins are essential organic compounds that function as coenzymes.
Coenzymes are nonprotein molecules required for enzyme activity.
Vitamin deficiencies can lead to health problems.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts of metabolism and energy in biological systems. You will explore metabolic pathways, the importance of enzymes, and the various forms of energy relevant to cellular processes. Test your understanding of how cells utilize energy and the role of ATP in these processes.