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Questions and Answers
Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are all examples of polymers.
Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are all examples of polymers.
True
The process by which monomers are connected together to form polymers is called ______.
The process by which monomers are connected together to form polymers is called ______.
dehydration (or condensation)
Cells invest energy for dehydration reactions.
Cells invest energy for dehydration reactions.
True
The process of breaking down polymers into monomers is called ______.
The process of breaking down polymers into monomers is called ______.
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Enzymes are specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells.
Enzymes are specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells.
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What is the basic unit of a carbohydrate?
What is the basic unit of a carbohydrate?
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Which of these is NOT a function of carbohydrates?
Which of these is NOT a function of carbohydrates?
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Glucose is a six-carbon sugar.
Glucose is a six-carbon sugar.
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What type of bond joins monosaccharides together in a polysaccharide?
What type of bond joins monosaccharides together in a polysaccharide?
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Starch and glycogen are both storage polysaccharides.
Starch and glycogen are both storage polysaccharides.
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Cellulose is a major component of plant cell walls.
Cellulose is a major component of plant cell walls.
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Starch and cellulose are both polymers of glucose.
Starch and cellulose are both polymers of glucose.
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Which of the following is NOT a function of lipids?
Which of the following is NOT a function of lipids?
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Fats are made up of glycerol and fatty acids.
Fats are made up of glycerol and fatty acids.
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Saturated fats have no double bonds in their fatty acid chains.
Saturated fats have no double bonds in their fatty acid chains.
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Unsaturated fats have at least one double bond in their fatty acid chains.
Unsaturated fats have at least one double bond in their fatty acid chains.
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Hydrogenation can convert unsaturated fats into saturated fats.
Hydrogenation can convert unsaturated fats into saturated fats.
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Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes.
Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes.
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Steroids are polymers.
Steroids are polymers.
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Cholesterol is an important component of animal cell membranes.
Cholesterol is an important component of animal cell membranes.
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Proteins are the most structurally complex molecules known.
Proteins are the most structurally complex molecules known.
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Proteins are polymers of amino acids.
Proteins are polymers of amino acids.
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What is the name of the bond that joins amino acids together in a polypeptide chain?
What is the name of the bond that joins amino acids together in a polypeptide chain?
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The function of a protein is determined by its three-dimensional structure.
The function of a protein is determined by its three-dimensional structure.
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The primary structure of a protein refers to its sequence of amino acids.
The primary structure of a protein refers to its sequence of amino acids.
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Secondary structure in proteins is primarily determined by hydrogen bonding.
Secondary structure in proteins is primarily determined by hydrogen bonding.
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Tertiary structure in proteins is primarily determined by interactions between R groups.
Tertiary structure in proteins is primarily determined by interactions between R groups.
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Quaternary structure in proteins involves the association of multiple polypeptide chains.
Quaternary structure in proteins involves the association of multiple polypeptide chains.
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Denaturation of a protein always irreversibly destroys its function.
Denaturation of a protein always irreversibly destroys its function.
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Chaperonins are proteins that help other proteins fold correctly.
Chaperonins are proteins that help other proteins fold correctly.
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Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.
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DNA is a double-stranded nucleic acid.
DNA is a double-stranded nucleic acid.
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The sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
The sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
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DNA replication is a process by which a new DNA molecule is created from an existing DNA molecule.
DNA replication is a process by which a new DNA molecule is created from an existing DNA molecule.
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Bioinformatics can be used to predict the three-dimensional structure of proteins.
Bioinformatics can be used to predict the three-dimensional structure of proteins.
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Study Notes
Macromolecules
- Macromolecules are large molecules formed from smaller organic molecules.
- All living things are composed of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
- These macromolecules consist of thousands of atoms.
Polymers and Monomers
- Macromolecules are often polymers.
- Polymers are long chains of repeating molecular units called monomers.
- Monomers are often similar or identical.
- Polymers are formed through condensation (dehydration) reactions.
- Monomers are joined by the removal of a water molecule.
- Polymers are broken down via hydrolysis reactions.
- These reactions require water.
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material.
- Monosaccharides are simple sugars.
- Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharides.
- Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides.
- Common monosaccharides: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose.
- Common disaccharides: Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose.
- Common polysaccharides: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose.
- Starch is a storage polysaccharide.
- Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide in animals.
- Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide in plants.
Lipids
- Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules.
- Lipids are not polymers.
- Major functions of lipids: Energy storage, structural components of cell membranes, signaling molecules.
- Fats are constructed from glycerol and fatty acids.
- A fat molecule is a triacylglycerol or triglyceride.
- Saturated fats have no double bonds.
- Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds.
- Phospholipids are major components of cell membranes.
- Composed of two fatty acid tails and a phosphate group.
- Steroids include cholesterol and hormones.
- Four fused carbon rings.
Proteins
- Proteins are the most structurally complex molecules.
- Polymers of amino acids (20 different types).
- Amino acids have an amino group and a carboxyl group.
- Four levels of protein structure: Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
- Primary: Amino acid sequence.
- Secondary: Coils and folds in the polypeptide chain (a-helix, ß-pleated sheet).
- Tertiary: Three-dimensional arrangement of a polypeptide chain.
- Quaternary: Aggregation of multiple polypeptide chains.
- Protein conformation determines protein function.
- Protein structure can be disrupted (denatured) by changes in the environment.
Nucleic Acids
- Store and transmit hereditary information.
- Two types: DNA and RNA.
- Polymers of nucleotides.
- Nucleotides have a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.
- DNA is a double helix.
- Complementary base pairing (A with T, G with C).
- RNA is single-stranded.
- mRNA acts as an intermediary in protein synthesis.
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Description
Test your knowledge on macromolecules, their structures, and functions. This quiz covers polymers, monomers, and the types of carbohydrates, assessing your understanding of basic biological concepts. Perfect for students learning about molecular biology.
