Biology: Macromolecules, Enzymes, and Water Properties
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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of negative feedback in the human body?

  • To initiate a response to a stimulus
  • To increase the effect of a stimulus
  • To maintain a stable internal environment (correct)
  • To amplify a change in the body's state
  • Which of the following is NOT a subfield of gross anatomy?

  • Regional Anatomy
  • Systemic Anatomy
  • Surface Anatomy
  • Cytology (correct)
  • What is the term for the specific sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves?

  • Frontal Plane
  • Transverse Plane
  • Median Plane (correct)
  • Parasagittal Plane
  • Which anatomical plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?

    <p>Frontal Plane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of enzymes in biological reactions?

    <p>To act as a catalyst and lower the activation energy required for a reaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the early developmental stages of an organism?

    <p>Embryology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a physiological property of water?

    <p>Increased Viscosity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'homeostasis' combines which two Greek words?

    <p>Homeo + Stasis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the control center in homeostatic regulation?

    <p>Receives and processes information from the receptor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the process of autoregulation?

    <p>Adjustment of physiological systems without external input (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback mechanism?

    <p>Blood clotting after an injury (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of macromolecule is a disaccharide?

    <p>Carbohydrate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'physiology' can be traced back to Greek roots. Which of the following is a direct translation of the word 'physiology'?

    <p>Study of nature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a micromolecule?

    <p>Glycerol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of homeostasis for living organisms?

    <p>Ensures a stable internal environment for optimal cell function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a physiological process that is regulated by homeostasis?

    <p>Blood glucose levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is NOT one of the top 5 elements found in a living cell?

    <p>Sodium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the microscopic structure that is responsible for storing genomic information within a cell?

    <p>Nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of microscope can magnify up to the nanometer scale?

    <p>Electron Microscope (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a division of Physiology?

    <p>Tissue Physiology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal pH range of blood?

    <p>7.35-7.45 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a suspension?

    <p>The particles in the suspension settle out over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the negatively charged particle that travels around the nucleus?

    <p>Electron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of atoms?

    <p>Atoms are the smallest unit of life. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Macromolecules

    Large molecules essential for life, including lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.

    Enzymes

    Specialized proteins that lower activation energy to speed up chemical reactions.

    Activation Energy

    The minimum energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.

    Homeostasis

    The ability of an organism to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes.

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    Autoregulation

    Intrinsic regulation where a system adjusts its activities automatically to maintain homeostasis.

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    EXTRINSIC Regulation

    Regulation of homeostasis involving external systems like the nervous and endocrine systems.

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    Receptor

    A component that senses a specific stimulus in homeostatic regulation.

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    Solvent

    A medium in which solutes are dissolved; water is the most important solvent in biological systems.

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    Effector

    Cell or organ that responds to a command.

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    Positive Feedback

    Physiological process that amplifies a change in the body.

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    Negative Feedback

    Control mechanism that reduces the effect of a stimulus to maintain homeostasis.

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    Median Plane

    Divides the body into equal left and right halves.

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    Parasagittal Plane

    Does not divide the body into equal halves; it's off-center.

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    Gross Anatomy

    Structures viewable without magnification; macroscopic anatomy.

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    Frontal Plane

    Divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) parts.

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    Sagittal Plane

    Divides the body into left and right parts.

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    Transverse Plane

    Cuts the body into top and bottom parts.

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    Cell

    The smallest unit of life, composed of moving molecules.

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    Atoms

    Basic chemical units of matter made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

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    pH

    A measure of acidity or alkalinity on a logarithmic scale.

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    Nucleic Acids

    Large organic molecules that store genomic information, made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

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    Cytology

    The study of the internal structures of individual cells.

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    Study Notes

    Macromolecule and Micromolecule Overview

    • Lipids, carbohydrates (disaccharides, polysaccharides), nucleic acids, and proteins are macromolecules
    • Amino acids, nucleotides, monosaccharides, fatty acids, glycerol, minerals, and water are micromolucules
    • Most chemical reactions are not spontaneous; activation energy is needed
    • Factors that can trigger a reaction include heat and acidity

    Enzymes and Catalysts

    • Enzymes are specialized proteins that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy
    • Catalysts are substances that promote chemical reactions
    • Water is the most abundant substance in the body (50-75%)
    • Water content varies based on age, sex, and body composition (e.g., newborn have ~80%; adults ~60%, women have less than men because of fat)
    • Older adults have less water than younger adults

    Water Properties

    • Water is a good solvent (dissolves substances)
    • Water participates in many reactions
    • Water has a high heat capacity (absorbs and retains heat well)
    • Water acts as a lubricant

    Homeostasis

    • Homeostasis is maintaining a stable internal environment
    • Autoregulation (intrinsic) is automatic adjustments within a system
    • Extrinsic Regulation uses the nervous and endocrine systems

    Anatomical Planes

    • Median (sagittal) plane: Divides the body into equal left and right halves
    • Parasagittal plane: Divides the body into unequal left and right halves (off-center)
    • Frontal (coronal) plane: Divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions
    • Transverse (axial) plane: Divides the body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) portions

    Anatomy and Physiology Basics

    • Anatomy focuses on structure
    • Physiology focuses on function
    • Studying anatomy and physiology helps understand how the body functions normally and abnormally
    • Homeostasis is vital for survival

    Anatomical Terminology

    • Anatomical terms are used to describe body parts and regions precisely. (refer to included lists)

    Microscopic Anatomy

    • Microscopic anatomy includes cytology (cell study) and histology (tissue study)
    • Microscopes are used (light microscopes, dissecting microscopes, and electron microscopes)

    Types of Body Fluids

    • Suspension: A heterogeneous mixture where solute doesn't fully dissolve in solvent (remains suspended)
    • pH scale (logarithmic): Measures acidity or alkalinity; blood pH is slightly alkaline (7.35 - 7.45).

    Nucleic Acids

    • Important organic molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and essential for cell function
    • Two types: DNA and RNA

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    Description

    This quiz explores the essential concepts of macromolecules and micromolecules, including lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. It also delves into the role of enzymes as catalysts and discusses the unique properties of water that make it vital for biological processes. Test your understanding of these foundational topics in biology.

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