Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of negative feedback in the human body?
What is the main purpose of negative feedback in the human body?
- To initiate a response to a stimulus
- To increase the effect of a stimulus
- To maintain a stable internal environment (correct)
- To amplify a change in the body's state
Which of the following is NOT a subfield of gross anatomy?
Which of the following is NOT a subfield of gross anatomy?
- Regional Anatomy
- Systemic Anatomy
- Surface Anatomy
- Cytology (correct)
What is the term for the specific sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves?
What is the term for the specific sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves?
- Frontal Plane
- Transverse Plane
- Median Plane (correct)
- Parasagittal Plane
Which anatomical plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?
Which anatomical plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?
What is the primary function of enzymes in biological reactions?
What is the primary function of enzymes in biological reactions?
What is the term for the study of the early developmental stages of an organism?
What is the term for the study of the early developmental stages of an organism?
Which of the following is NOT a physiological property of water?
Which of the following is NOT a physiological property of water?
The term 'homeostasis' combines which two Greek words?
The term 'homeostasis' combines which two Greek words?
What is the role of the control center in homeostatic regulation?
What is the role of the control center in homeostatic regulation?
Which of the following best describes the process of autoregulation?
Which of the following best describes the process of autoregulation?
Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback mechanism?
Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback mechanism?
What type of macromolecule is a disaccharide?
What type of macromolecule is a disaccharide?
The term 'physiology' can be traced back to Greek roots. Which of the following is a direct translation of the word 'physiology'?
The term 'physiology' can be traced back to Greek roots. Which of the following is a direct translation of the word 'physiology'?
Which of the following is an example of a micromolecule?
Which of the following is an example of a micromolecule?
What is the significance of homeostasis for living organisms?
What is the significance of homeostasis for living organisms?
Which of the following is an example of a physiological process that is regulated by homeostasis?
Which of the following is an example of a physiological process that is regulated by homeostasis?
Which of the following elements is NOT one of the top 5 elements found in a living cell?
Which of the following elements is NOT one of the top 5 elements found in a living cell?
What is the name of the microscopic structure that is responsible for storing genomic information within a cell?
What is the name of the microscopic structure that is responsible for storing genomic information within a cell?
What type of microscope can magnify up to the nanometer scale?
What type of microscope can magnify up to the nanometer scale?
Which of the following is NOT a division of Physiology?
Which of the following is NOT a division of Physiology?
What is the normal pH range of blood?
What is the normal pH range of blood?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a suspension?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a suspension?
What is the name of the negatively charged particle that travels around the nucleus?
What is the name of the negatively charged particle that travels around the nucleus?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of atoms?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of atoms?
Flashcards
Macromolecules
Macromolecules
Large molecules essential for life, including lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Enzymes
Enzymes
Specialized proteins that lower activation energy to speed up chemical reactions.
Activation Energy
Activation Energy
The minimum energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
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Autoregulation
Autoregulation
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EXTRINSIC Regulation
EXTRINSIC Regulation
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Receptor
Receptor
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Solvent
Solvent
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Effector
Effector
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Positive Feedback
Positive Feedback
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Negative Feedback
Negative Feedback
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Median Plane
Median Plane
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Parasagittal Plane
Parasagittal Plane
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Gross Anatomy
Gross Anatomy
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Frontal Plane
Frontal Plane
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Sagittal Plane
Sagittal Plane
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Transverse Plane
Transverse Plane
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Cell
Cell
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Atoms
Atoms
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pH
pH
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
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Cytology
Cytology
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Study Notes
Macromolecule and Micromolecule Overview
- Lipids, carbohydrates (disaccharides, polysaccharides), nucleic acids, and proteins are macromolecules
- Amino acids, nucleotides, monosaccharides, fatty acids, glycerol, minerals, and water are micromolucules
- Most chemical reactions are not spontaneous; activation energy is needed
- Factors that can trigger a reaction include heat and acidity
Enzymes and Catalysts
- Enzymes are specialized proteins that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy
- Catalysts are substances that promote chemical reactions
- Water is the most abundant substance in the body (50-75%)
- Water content varies based on age, sex, and body composition (e.g., newborn have ~80%; adults ~60%, women have less than men because of fat)
- Older adults have less water than younger adults
Water Properties
- Water is a good solvent (dissolves substances)
- Water participates in many reactions
- Water has a high heat capacity (absorbs and retains heat well)
- Water acts as a lubricant
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis is maintaining a stable internal environment
- Autoregulation (intrinsic) is automatic adjustments within a system
- Extrinsic Regulation uses the nervous and endocrine systems
Anatomical Planes
- Median (sagittal) plane: Divides the body into equal left and right halves
- Parasagittal plane: Divides the body into unequal left and right halves (off-center)
- Frontal (coronal) plane: Divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions
- Transverse (axial) plane: Divides the body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) portions
Anatomy and Physiology Basics
- Anatomy focuses on structure
- Physiology focuses on function
- Studying anatomy and physiology helps understand how the body functions normally and abnormally
- Homeostasis is vital for survival
Anatomical Terminology
- Anatomical terms are used to describe body parts and regions precisely. (refer to included lists)
Microscopic Anatomy
- Microscopic anatomy includes cytology (cell study) and histology (tissue study)
- Microscopes are used (light microscopes, dissecting microscopes, and electron microscopes)
Types of Body Fluids
- Suspension: A heterogeneous mixture where solute doesn't fully dissolve in solvent (remains suspended)
- pH scale (logarithmic): Measures acidity or alkalinity; blood pH is slightly alkaline (7.35 - 7.45).
Nucleic Acids
- Important organic molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and essential for cell function
- Two types: DNA and RNA
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