Anatomy and Physiology 2nd Semester PDF

# ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ## 2ND SEMESTER - PRELIMINARY Professor: Dr. Fernando Gonzalvo ## MACROMOLECULES - Lipids - Carbohydrates - Disaccharide - Polysaccharides - Nucleic acids - Proteins ## MICROMOLECULES - Amino acids - Nucleotides - Monosaccharides - Fatty acids - Glycerol - Mineral...

# ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ## 2ND SEMESTER - PRELIMINARY Professor: Dr. Fernando Gonzalvo ## MACROMOLECULES - Lipids - Carbohydrates - Disaccharide - Polysaccharides - Nucleic acids - Proteins ## MICROMOLECULES - Amino acids - Nucleotides - Monosaccharides - Fatty acids - Glycerol - Minerals - Water Most chemical reactions do not occur spontaneously. Before a reaction can proceed, enough energy is required. To start a reaction: - Activation energy - Heat - Acidity ## ENZYMES - A specialized protein that promotes reactions by lowering the activation energy requirements. ## CATALYSTS - Belongs to a class of substances. Water is the most important substance in the body. - 2/3 of total body weight. - 50-75% water depending on age, sex, and body composition. - Newborn: 80% - Adults: 60% - Women: less because of their tendency to have more fat. - Older Adults: decreased with age. - Obese: decreased water. ## Physiological Properties of Water 1. **SOLUBILITY** - a number of organic and inorganic molecules are soluble in water. - **SOLVENT** - the medium that will disperse substance. - **SOLUTE** - dispersed substance. 2. **REACTIVITY** - reactions happen in water molecules and sometimes, they are participants. 3. **HIGH HEAT CAPACITY** - ability to absorb and retain heat. 4. **LUBRICATION** - helps friction between molecules. - Example: joints in aqueous solution. **SOLUTION** - a homogeneous mixture where the solute dissolves completely in the solvent. **COLLOID** - can be homogeneous or heterogeneous, but the particles are larger than those in a solution and smaller than those in a suspension. ## LESSON 2: Homeostasis (01/24/2025) ### Homeostasis **HOMEO** - unchanging. **STASIS** - state of being unstable. Maintaining a state of homeostasis is vital to the organism. - SURVIVAL can lead to **DISEASE** or worse, **DEATH**. Homeostasis is the foundation of all modern physiology. ### Homeostatic Regulation The adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis. ### 2 General Mechanism of Homeostatic Regulation: 1. **AUTOREGULATION (Intrinsic Regulation)** - adjust its activities automatically. 2. **EXTRINSIC REGULATION** - regulations through the involvement of 2 systems: - Nervous System. - Endocrine System. **Example:** - Heart rate. - Blood flow. - Kidney function. - Lens function. ### 3 Parts of Homeostatic Regulation: 1. **RECEPTOR** - sensitive to a particular stimulus. 2. **CONTROL CENTER** - receives and processes the information supplied by receptor. 3. **EFFECTOR** - cell or organ that responds to the command. **POSITIVE FEEDBACK** is a physiological process that amplifies a change in the body rather than reversing it. **NEGATIVE FEEDBACK** is a control mechanism that helps maintain homeostasis by reducing the effect of a stimulus. ## ANATOMICAL PLANES 1. **Median or Sagittal Plane:** - Divides the body into left and right halves. - **MEDIAN PLANE** - The specific sagittal plane that cuts exactly down the middle, creating two equal halves (left and right). 2. **Parasagittal Plane:** - Similar to the sagittal plane, but it doesn't cut the body into equal halves; it's off-center. - It divides the body into uneven left and right parts. - Like a slice passing through one arm and not the other. ## LESSON 1: (01/17/2025) ### Importance of Anatomy and Physiology - Providing Information About Your Structure and Function: - **Anatomy**: Structure. - **Physiology**: Function. - Preparing for a Career in the Health Field. - Understanding Your Own Body. - Learn how your body functions under both normal and abnormal conditions. ### Homeostasis Definition: Maintaining a constant and balanced internal environment. - **HOMEO** - Internal. - **STASIS** - Balance. ### Anatomy - The Oldest Medical Science. - Originated with the Babylonians (1792 B.C.E.), also known as the Old Iraq. - Derived from the Greek word meaning "cutting open." - **ANA** - Up. - **TEMNEIN** - To cut. ### Physiology - The Study of Nature. - Derived from the Greek word: - **PHYSIS** - Nature. - **LOGIA** - The study. - Meaning: "Nature of things" or "Discourse of nature." ### Integration of Anatomy and Physiology - Anatomical information provides clues about functions. - Physiology can only be explained in terms of the underlying anatomy. ### Divisions of Anatomy 1. **Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic Anatomy)** - Structures viewable without magnification. - Subfields: - **Surface Anatomy (Superficial)**: General form and surface markings. - **Regional Anatomy**: Focuses on the organization of specific body areas. - **Systemic Anatomy**: Studies the structure of organ systems. - **Developmental Anatomy**: Describes changes in form from conception to physical maturity. - **Embryology**: Study of early developmental stages. 3. **Frontal or Coronal Plane** - Divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) parts. 4. **Transverse or Axial Plane** - Divides the body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) parts. - This is a horizontal slice. ### Quick Visual Reminder: - Think of slicing the body vertically for sagittal and frontal planes. - **Sagittal**: Separates left and right. - **Frontal**: Separates front and back. - Think of slicing the body horizontally for the transverse plane, separating the top and bottom. ### Cell - The smallest unit of life. - Made up of moving molecules. ### Molecules - Made of elements. - Occupy a space. - Leads to matter. ### Atoms - The basic chemical building. - Basic particles of matter. - **ATOMS** - Proton. - Neutron. - Electron. - It travels around the nucleus at high speed within spherical area called electron cloud or the electron shell. ### A living cell is a chemical factory. - Made up of about 20 elements. 1. Carbon. 2. Hydrogen. 3. Oxygen. 4. Nitrogen. 5. Calcium. - 96.5% of Organism weight. **SUSPENSION** - a heterogeneous mixture where the solute does not dissolve completely and remains suspended in the solvent. **PH** A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a logarithmic scale. - Normal pH : 7.4 (slightly alkaline). - pH of Blood : 7.35-7.45. - pH of Urine : 4.6-8.0. **NUCLEIC ACIDS** - large organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus, and they play essential roles in a cell. - It stores genomic information **2 KINDS OF NUCLEIC ACID** 1. **DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)** - 2. 2. **RNA (Ribonucleic acid)** - 1 nucleotide. ### Micro Anatomy (Microscopic Anatomy) - Structures not visible without magnification, limited by the resolution of tools. - Types of microscopes: - Light Microscope. - Dissecting Microscope. - Electron Microscope (magnifies up to nanometer scale). ### Divisions of Microscopic Anatomy - **Cytology**: Study of the internal structures of individual cells. - **Histology**: Examination of tissues. ### Divisions of Physiology - **Cell Physiology**: Functions of cells. - **Organ Physiology**: Functions of specific organs. - **Systemic Physiology**: Functions of specific systems. - **Pathological Physiology**: Effects of diseases on organ and system functions. ## Anatomical Term | Common Term ------- | -------- Abdomen | Abdominal Mamma | Breast Thoracis | Thorax, Chest Oris | Mouth Facies | Face Cranium | Skull Oculus | Eye Nasus | Nose Cephalon | Head Acromion | Acromial Dorsum | Back Olecranon | Back of Elbow Lumbus | Loin Gluteus | Buttock Popliteus | Back of Knee Sura | Calf Calcaneus | Heel of Foot Planta | Sole of Foot ## Anatomical Term | Common Term ------- | -------- Frons | Forehead Auris | Ear Buccae | Cheek Cervicis | Neck Mentum | Chin Axilla | Armpit Brachium | Arm Antecubitis | Front of Elbow Antebrachium | Forearm Carpus | Wrist Palma | Palm Pollex | Thumb Digits or Phalanges | Fingers, Toes Patella | Kneecap Crus | Leg Tarsus | Ankle Hallux | Great Toe Pes | Foot Femur | Thigh Pubis | Pubic Inguen | Groin Manus | Hand Pelvis | Pelvic Umbillicus | Navel