Biology Lesson 8: Protein Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is protein and what causes its unique shape?

Proteins are one of three essential macronutrients that help growth and development, and they are made up of many amino acids linked together which gives them their unique shape.

What is an 'essential' amino acid and how many amino acids are essential to humans?

Essential amino acids are required for normal human body function and cannot be made by the body, so they must be consumed. Out of the 20 amino acids, 9 are essential to humans.

What is a 'non-essential' amino acid and how many amino acids are non-essential to humans?

Non-essential amino acids are those that the human body can produce from breaking down food or human protein. Out of the 20 amino acids, 11 are non-essential.

What are the body functions of protein?

Protein provides calories, is essential to growth and development, helps build and repair body tissue, and is found in skin, hair, bones, and muscle. Signup and view all the answers

What are food sources of protein for your body?

Protein is found in meat, poultry, fish, eggs, beans, peas, nuts, seeds, soy, and small parts of vegetables and grains. Signup and view all the answers

What are complete proteins?

Complete proteins contain all of the essential amino acids in adequate amounts. Signup and view all the answers

What are incomplete proteins?

Incomplete proteins are missing, or do not have enough of, one or more of the essential amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

What are complementary proteins?

Complementary proteins are two or more incomplete protein sources that, when eaten together, compensate for each other's lack of amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

What are health consequences of consuming too much protein?

Health risks may include increased risk of heart disease, kidney stones, osteoporosis, and reduced consumption of nutrient-rich foods. Signup and view all the answers

What are health consequences of consuming too little protein?

Health risks may include loss of muscle mass, frequent infections, tiredness, crackling skin, and hair loss. Signup and view all the answers

How do you calculate a person's daily protein needs?

Convert weight in pounds to kilograms by dividing by 2.2, then multiply by 0.8 for the recommended daily intake. Athletes may multiply by 1.2 to 1.7. Signup and view all the answers

One ounce of protein-rich foods contains around ______ grams of protein.

7 Signup and view all the answers

What is a semi-vegetarian?

A semi-vegetarian eats meat, poultry, or fish 1 or 2 meals a week. Signup and view all the answers

What is a pesco-vegetarian?

A pesco-vegetarian consumes grains, nuts, vegetables, fruits, eggs, fish, and dairy foods. Signup and view all the answers

What is a lacto-ovo vegetarian?

A lacto-ovo vegetarian consumes dairy foods, eggs, fruits, vegetables, grains, seeds, and nuts. Signup and view all the answers

What is a lacto vegetarian?

A lacto vegetarian eats dairy foods and plant-based foods but does not consume eggs. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Understanding Protein

Proteins are essential macronutrients found in every human cell, crucial for growth and development.
Unique shape of proteins is determined by the arrangement of amino acids linked together.

Amino Acids

Essential amino acids are vital for normal body functions and cannot be synthesized by the body; there are 9 essential amino acids out of 20 total.
Non-essential amino acids can be produced by the body from food or protein breakdown; 11 of the 20 amino acids are classified as non-essential.

Functions of Protein in the Body

Proteins provide calories, essential for growth and development, and are integral to all human cells.
They help build and repair tissues and are key components of skin, hair, bones, and muscle.

Sources of Protein

Protein-rich foods include meat, poultry, fish, eggs, beans, peas, nuts, seeds, soy, and some vegetables and grains.

Types of Proteins

Complete proteins contain all essential amino acids in sufficient amounts, often found in animal products (dairy, eggs, meat) and soy.
Incomplete proteins lack one or more essential amino acids, commonly found in most plant foods (beans, grains, nuts).
Complementary proteins are combinations of incomplete proteins that together provide all essential amino acids (e.g., grains with legumes).

Health Consequences of Protein Intake

Excessive protein consumption can lead to health risks, including higher heart disease risk, kidney stones, osteoporosis, and reduced intake of nutrient-rich foods.
Inadequate protein intake may result in health issues like muscle loss, frequent infections, fatigue, skin problems, and hair loss.

Calculating Daily Protein Needs

To determine daily protein requirements: convert weight from pounds to kilograms and multiply by 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram for general needs; for athletes, the multiplier ranges from 1.2 to 1.7.

Estimating Protein Content in Foods

One ounce (28 grams) of protein-rich food generally contains around 7 grams of protein.
Examples include one ounce of chicken, fish, or one large egg, as well as ¼ cup of tofu, ½ cup of cooked beans/lentils, or one teaspoon of peanut butter.

Vegetarian Diets

Semi-vegetarians consume meat, poultry, or fish only occasionally (1-2 meals per week).
Pesco-vegetarians include grains, nuts, vegetables, fruits, eggs, fish, and dairy in their diet.
Lacto-ovo vegetarians eat dairy products, eggs, fruits, vegetables, grains, seeds, and nuts.
Lacto vegetarians consume dairy foods, fruits, vegetables, grains, seeds, and nuts, avoiding eggs.

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Description

This quiz covers Lesson 8 on proteins, focusing on their definition, role in human cells, and the significance of amino acids in determining their unique shape. Test your knowledge about essential amino acids and their quantities in this concise flashcard format.