Questions and Answers
What is protein and what causes its unique shape?
Proteins are one of three essential macronutrients that help growth and development, and they are made up of many amino acids linked together which gives them their unique shape.
What is an 'essential' amino acid and how many amino acids are essential to humans?
Essential amino acids are required for normal human body function and cannot be made by the body, so they must be consumed. Out of the 20 amino acids, 9 are essential to humans.
What is a 'non-essential' amino acid and how many amino acids are non-essential to humans?
Non-essential amino acids are those that the human body can produce from breaking down food or human protein. Out of the 20 amino acids, 11 are non-essential.
What are the body functions of protein?
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What are food sources of protein for your body?
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What are complete proteins?
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What are incomplete proteins?
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What are complementary proteins?
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What are health consequences of consuming too much protein?
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What are health consequences of consuming too little protein?
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How do you calculate a person's daily protein needs?
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One ounce of protein-rich foods contains around ______ grams of protein.
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What is a semi-vegetarian?
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What is a pesco-vegetarian?
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What is a lacto-ovo vegetarian?
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What is a lacto vegetarian?
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Study Notes
Understanding Protein
- Proteins are essential macronutrients found in every human cell, crucial for growth and development.
- Unique shape of proteins is determined by the arrangement of amino acids linked together.
Amino Acids
- Essential amino acids are vital for normal body functions and cannot be synthesized by the body; there are 9 essential amino acids out of 20 total.
- Non-essential amino acids can be produced by the body from food or protein breakdown; 11 of the 20 amino acids are classified as non-essential.
Functions of Protein in the Body
- Proteins provide calories, essential for growth and development, and are integral to all human cells.
- They help build and repair tissues and are key components of skin, hair, bones, and muscle.
Sources of Protein
- Protein-rich foods include meat, poultry, fish, eggs, beans, peas, nuts, seeds, soy, and some vegetables and grains.
Types of Proteins
- Complete proteins contain all essential amino acids in sufficient amounts, often found in animal products (dairy, eggs, meat) and soy.
- Incomplete proteins lack one or more essential amino acids, commonly found in most plant foods (beans, grains, nuts).
- Complementary proteins are combinations of incomplete proteins that together provide all essential amino acids (e.g., grains with legumes).
Health Consequences of Protein Intake
- Excessive protein consumption can lead to health risks, including higher heart disease risk, kidney stones, osteoporosis, and reduced intake of nutrient-rich foods.
- Inadequate protein intake may result in health issues like muscle loss, frequent infections, fatigue, skin problems, and hair loss.
Calculating Daily Protein Needs
- To determine daily protein requirements: convert weight from pounds to kilograms and multiply by 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram for general needs; for athletes, the multiplier ranges from 1.2 to 1.7.
Estimating Protein Content in Foods
- One ounce (28 grams) of protein-rich food generally contains around 7 grams of protein.
- Examples include one ounce of chicken, fish, or one large egg, as well as ¼ cup of tofu, ½ cup of cooked beans/lentils, or one teaspoon of peanut butter.
Vegetarian Diets
- Semi-vegetarians consume meat, poultry, or fish only occasionally (1-2 meals per week).
- Pesco-vegetarians include grains, nuts, vegetables, fruits, eggs, fish, and dairy in their diet.
- Lacto-ovo vegetarians eat dairy products, eggs, fruits, vegetables, grains, seeds, and nuts.
- Lacto vegetarians consume dairy foods, fruits, vegetables, grains, seeds, and nuts, avoiding eggs.
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Description
This quiz covers Lesson 8 on proteins, focusing on their definition, role in human cells, and the significance of amino acids in determining their unique shape. Test your knowledge about essential amino acids and their quantities in this concise flashcard format.