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Questions and Answers
What are the four chemical components that all cells are made up of?
Proteins, Nucleic acid, Lipids, Polysaccharides
Which group of organisms lack membrane-bound structures like the nucleus?
Prokaryotic cells tend to be larger and more complex than eukaryotic cells.
False
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a ______ and other organelles enclosed by a plasma membrane.
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Match the following characteristics to either Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes:
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What is a characteristic difference in DNA arrangement between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
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Which type of cells are more likely to have membrane-bound organelles?
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What is a characteristic difference in ribosome size between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
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Which process of cell division is characteristic of prokaryotes?
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What is a characteristic difference in lysosomes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
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Which organelle is characteristic of eukaryotic cells?
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What is a characteristic difference in flagella size between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
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Which type of cells are more likely to have plasmids?
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What is a characteristic difference in cell size between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
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What is a characteristic difference in reproduction methods between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
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Study Notes
Cell Biology
- The cell is the basic functional and structural unit of life, playing a vital role in all biological activities.
- All cells are composed of four chemical components: proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and polysaccharides.
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
- Every living organism falls into one of two groups: prokaryotes or eukaryotes, distinguished by their cellular structure.
- Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound structures, including a nucleus, and are typically small and simple cells.
- Prokaryotes can be split into two domains: bacteria and archaea.
- Prokaryotic cells have a central region called the nucleoid, where DNA is bundled together.
Prokaryotic Cell Features
- Nucleoid: a central region containing DNA.
- Ribosomes: responsible for protein synthesis.
- Cell wall: provides structure and protection.
- Cell membrane: separates the cell from the outside environment.
- Capsule: a layer of carbohydrates surrounding the cell wall, helping with attachment.
- Fimbriae: thin, hair-like structures for cellular attachment.
- Pili: rod-shaped structures involved in attachment and DNA transfer.
- Flagella: thin, tail-like structures assisting in movement.
Eukaryotic Cell
- Eukaryotes are more complex and larger than prokaryotes, with a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
- Eukaryotic cells have a cell wall, plasma membrane, and organelles responsible for various functions.
- Eukaryotes include almost all major kingdoms except kingdom monera.
Eukaryotic Cell Features
- Nucleus: stores genetic information in chromatin form.
- Nucleolus: where ribosomal RNA is produced.
- Plasma membrane: surrounds the cell and encompasses organelles.
- Cytoskeleton or cell wall: provides structure, allows for cell movement, and plays a role in cell division.
- Ribosomes: responsible for protein synthesis.
- Mitochondria: responsible for energy production.
- Cytoplasm: the region between the nuclear envelope and plasma membrane.
- Cytosol: a gel-like substance containing organelles.
- Endoplasmic reticulum: involved in protein maturation and transportation.
- Vesicles and vacuoles: membrane-bound sacs for transportation and storage.
Key Similarities between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- All cells share four features: DNA, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.
Transcription and Translation
- In prokaryotic cells, transcription and translation are coupled, occurring simultaneously.
- In eukaryotic cells, transcription and translation are not coupled, with transcription occurring in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm.
Key Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- Structural variation: presence or absence of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Molecular variation: circular or linear DNA form.
Cell: The Basic Unit of Life
- A cell is the basic functional and structural unit of life, playing a vital role in all biological activities.
- Cells consist of four chemical components: proteins, nucleic acid, lipids, and polysaccharides.
- Cells have membrane-bound organelles that perform individual functions to keep the cell alive and active.
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
- Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the two groups of living organisms, distinguished by their cellular structure.
- Prokaryotes are ancient, with fossil records dating back to 3.5 billion years ago, and can be split into two domains: bacteria and archaea.
- Prokaryotes are unicellular, lack membrane-bound structures, and have a nucleoid region instead of a nucleus.
Prokaryotic Cell Features
- Nucleoid: a central region containing DNA.
- Ribosome: responsible for protein synthesis.
- Primitive organelles, such as micro-compartments, provide some organization to the cell.
Key Similarities between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- All cells share four features: DNA, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.
Transcription and Translation
- In prokaryotes, transcription and translation are coupled, with translation beginning during mRNA synthesis.
- In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are not coupled, with transcription occurring in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm.
Key Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- Structural differences: presence or absence of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Molecular differences: circular or linear DNA arrangement.
- Other differences include cell size, cell wall, ribosomes, mitochondria, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, plasmids, and lysosomes.
Cell Division and Reproduction
- Prokaryotes divide through binary fission.
- Eukaryotes divide through mitosis.
- Prokaryotes reproduce asexually, while eukaryotes can reproduce both asexually and sexually.
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of cell structure, including the four chemical components of cells and the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
