Cell Biology and Macromolecules Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the primary difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide?

A nucleoside contains a phosphate group, while a nucleotide does not.
A nucleoside contains a deoxyribose sugar, while a nucleotide contains a ribose sugar.
A nucleotide contains a phosphate group, while a nucleoside does not. (correct)
A nucleotide contains a nitrogenous base, while a nucleoside contains a purine or pyrimidine.

In the context of enzyme catalysis, what is the role of the activation energy barrier?

It indicates the final energy level of the products.
It represents the minimum energy required for a reaction to be exothermic.
It's the energy required for reactants to reach the transition state. (correct)
It's the energy released when a substrate binds to an enzyme's active site.

Which statement best describes how quaternary structure of a protein is formed?

It consists of the linear sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.
It is stabilized by a combination of covalent and noncovalent interactions, including van der Waals.
It involves the association of two or more polypeptide chains. (correct)
The polypeptide chain folds and coils, stabilized by hydrogen bonds.

What structural feature do cellulose, starch, and glycogen have in common?

<p>They are all polymers of glucose, with variations in their glycosidic bonds and branching patterns. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property do lipids exhibit due to their dual nature?

<p>Amphipathic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Macromolecule Synthesis

The process of forming new molecules by combining smaller units, called monomers. It occurs in a specific direction, adding monomers one at a time to a growing chain.

Nucleotides

The fundamental building blocks of nucleic acids, composed of a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Primary Structure of a Protein

The structure of a protein, determined by the sequence of amino acids. It forms a chain-like structure that folds into specific shapes.

Enzyme

A molecule that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. They lower the activation energy required for a reaction to occur.

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Amphipathic Lipids

A type of lipid with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails, allowing them to form barriers between water and lipid environments. Key component of cell membranes.

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Study Notes

Preview of Cell Biology

Historical perspectives in cell biology
Techniques used in biological inquiry
Strands of biological inquiry

Macromolecules I

Carbon's importance in biological chemistry
Types of chemical bonds and their strength of association
Macromolecule synthesis (directionality, monomers, activated monomers)
Nucleic acids (DNA vs RNA): composition, structure, monomer differences, nucleotide vs nucleoside, base pairing (Chargaff's rule), Griffith S-R strain experiments.

Macromolecules II

Proteins (monomers, amino acid composition, directionality of synthesis, primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures, and bonding differences)
Enzymes: catalysts of life
- Activation energy barrier
- Catalyst properties
- Enzymes (proteins and RNA)
- Induced fit model
- Reversible and irreversible enzyme regulation (activation and inhibition)

Macromolecules III

Polysaccharides (monomers, structures, L-D isomers, cell structural and storage roles, examples: Cellulose, Starch, glycogen, pectin)
Lipids (types of lipids, function, amphipathic properties)