54 Questions
What is the property expressed as the amount of energy required to break 1 mole of covalent bonds?
Bond energy
What type of atoms are usually part of various functional groups in biological compounds, in addition to carbon and hydrogen?
Oxygen and sulfur and phosphorus
What is the name for mirror-image forms of the same compound?
Stereoisomers
What is the process by which carbon-containing compounds lose electrons to other molecules?
Oxidation
What property of water accounts for its high surface tension, high boiling point, and high specific heat?
Hydrogen bond formation
Which term describes molecules that are not very soluble in water?
Hydrophobic
What is the specific heat of water?
1.0 calories per gram
What type of molecules are termed hydrophilic (water-loving)?
Molecules that form hydrogen bonds with water
Which of the following macromolecules carries specific information in its monomer sequence?
Nucleic acids
What is the primary function of proteins in the cell?
Catalysis, signalling and support
How are macromolecules synthesized?
Through a process involving ATP
What is the process of removing monomers from a polymer called?
Hydrolysis
Which macromolecule determines the 3D structure and biological activity of proteins?
Proteins themselves
What is the main requirement for polymerization of macromolecules?
An adequate supply of the monomeric subunits and a source of energy
What is the role of molecular chaperones in macromolecule assembly?
They assist the assembly process by preventing incorrect molecular interactions
What holds together every protein or other macromolecule in the cell?
Strong covalent bonds
What is the assertion of molecular self-assembly in macromolecules?
It asserts that information for folding and assembly is inherent in the polymers themselves
What type of noncovalent bond involves weak attractive interactions between an electronegative atom such as oxygen and a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a second electronegative atom?
Hydrogen bond
What type of interactions occur between two atoms when they are very close to one another and are oriented approximately?
Van der Waals interactions
Which type of interaction describes the tendency of nonpolar groups within a macromolecule to associate with each other and minimize their contact with surrounding water molecules?
Hydrophobic interaction
What is the term for the process by which a denatured polypeptide returns to conditions in which the native conformation is stable?
Renaturation
What is the primary function of motility proteins?
Play key roles in the contraction and movement of cells
How do regulatory proteins contribute to cellular functions?
Control and coordinate cellular functions
What is the main role of defence proteins?
Protect against disease
What distinguishes globular proteins from fibrous proteins?
Fibrous proteins are involved in cellular structure
How many amino acids are typically used in protein synthesis?
20 amino acids
What is the name of the bond linking two amino acids?
Peptide bond
What type of amino acids occur in proteins?
Only L-amino acids
What is the term for the transient attraction of two nonpolar molecules?
Van der Waals interaction
What is the primary structure of a protein based on?
Amino acid sequence and covalent peptide bond
What is the role of molecular chaperones in protein folding?
Ensuring accurate protein folding by shielding parts of a newly synthesized protein from interactions
What dictates the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of a protein?
The primary structure
What determines the final folded shape of a protein?
Primary structure of the polypeptide
Which technique is used to determine accurate 3D structures of polypeptides?
X-ray crystallography
What level of organization does quaternary structure apply to?
Multimeric proteins
In which type of proteins are disulfide bonds involved in maintaining the tertiary structure?
Globular proteins
Which type of bonding is common in alpha helices but can be either intramolecular or intermolecular in beta-sheets?
Hydrogen bonding
Which amino acids are considered 'alpha helix formers' and are commonly found in alpha-helical regions?
Leucine, methionine, glutamate
What is the primary determining factor for the shape of fibrous proteins?
Secondary structure
What is a discrete, locally folded unit of tertiary structure that usually has a specific function in proteins?
Domain
What is the role of ATP in the cell?
To serve as intermediates in various energy-transferring reactions
What provides the energy needed to form each new phosphodiester bridge during nucleic acid synthesis?
High-energy nucleoside triphosphates like ATP
What is the direction of nucleotide sequences written in by convention?
From the 5' end to the 3' end
What property of A, T (or U in RNA), G, and C provides a mechanism for nucleic acids to recognize one another?
The base pairing of A with T (or U in RNA) and G with C
What did Francis Crick and James Watson postulate in 1953 regarding DNA?
That DNA has an antiparallel double-stranded helical structure
What type of bond links two glucose units in maltose?
Glycosidic bond
Where is starch commonly stored in plant cells?
Plastids
What is the primary structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls?
Cellulose
In addition to insecet exoskeletons, where else is chitin found?
Fungal cell walls
Which macromolecule does glycogen belong to and where is it typically found?
Polysaccharides in animal cells
What type of fatty acids have one or more double bonds resulting in a bend or kink in the chain?
Unsaturated fatty acids
Which lipid class is important in membrane structure due to its amphipathic nature and is a key component of the bilayer structure found in all membranes?
Phospholipids
Which type of lipids consist of a glycerol molecule with three fatty acids linked to it and are synthesized stepwise, with one fatty acid added at a time?
Triacylglycerol
What makes trans fats resemble saturated fatty acids in both their shape and their ability to pack together more tightly than typical unsaturated fatty acids?
They contain unsaturated fatty acids with a particular type of double bond
Test your knowledge about cell membranes, organic chemistry, and biological chemistry with this quiz. Explore the concepts of cellular compartments, carbon-containing compounds, and the chemistry of living systems.
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