Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary energy source for plants and animals?
What is the primary energy source for plants and animals?
What is the main energy source and monomer of carbohydrates?
What is the main energy source and monomer of carbohydrates?
Glucose
Lipids are soluble in water.
Lipids are soluble in water.
False
During mitosis, the cell membrane is pinched off to form _____ separate compartments.
During mitosis, the cell membrane is pinched off to form _____ separate compartments.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
What solution is used for the glucose test?
What solution is used for the glucose test?
Signup and view all the answers
What color change indicates a positive result for the glucose test?
What color change indicates a positive result for the glucose test?
Signup and view all the answers
What solution is used for the protein test?
What solution is used for the protein test?
Signup and view all the answers
What color indicates a positive result for the protein test?
What color indicates a positive result for the protein test?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process for the fat test?
What is the process for the fat test?
Signup and view all the answers
What solution is used for the starch test?
What solution is used for the starch test?
Signup and view all the answers
What process is followed for the starch test?
What process is followed for the starch test?
Signup and view all the answers
Eutrophication is a process where nutrients accumulate and cause excess plant growth in bodies of water.
Eutrophication is a process where nutrients accumulate and cause excess plant growth in bodies of water.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Biological Molecules
- Glucose test: uses Benedict's solution, results in a color change from blue to brick red
- Starch test: uses iodine, results in a blue color
- Fat test: uses ethanol, results in a cloudy white emulsion
- Protein test: uses Biuret solution, results in a mauve color
Micrograph Calculations
- When a scale line is given, actual size = image size (mm) x scale (value on line) / length of scale line (mm)
- Magnification = length of scale line (mm) / scale (value on line)
Eutrophication
- Process of excess growth of plant life and bacteria in a body of water, depleting oxygen
- Causes: overuse of fertilizers, runoff of phosphates and nitrates into waterways
- Effects: algae growth, decreased oxygen levels, death of aquatic life
Cells
- Basic information: cells are the smallest living units, discovered by Robert Hooke in the 1600s
- Cell theory: all living things are made of cells, all cells come from pre-existing cells
- Characteristics of all cells: surrounding membrane, protoplasm, organelles, control center with DNA and RNA
Organelles
- Make up the "cellular machinery" of the cell
- Two types: derived from membranes, bacteria-like organelles
- Examples: centrioles, lysosomes, chloroplasts, mitochondria
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
- Prokaryotic cells: bacteria and archaea, no membrane-bound nucleus
- Eukaryotic cells: include protists, plants, animals, fungi, nucleus is membrane-bound
Animal and Plant Cells
- Animal cell: centrioles, lysosomes, vacuoles
- Plant cell: chloroplasts, cell wall, vacuoles
Plasma Membrane
- Surrounds cell, contains all cell contents
- Made up of phospholipid bilayer and proteins
- Phospholipid: made up of phosphoric acid and lipid molecule
Transport
- Passive transport: movement from high to low concentration, does not require energy
- Active transport: movement against concentration gradient, requires energy
- Types of transport: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport
Cell Walls and Cytoskeleton
- Cell walls: found in plants, fungi, and protists, surrounds plasma membrane
- Cytoskeleton: made up of filaments and fibers, provides mechanical support and helps move substances around the cell
Lysosomes and Vacuoles
- Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes, aid in cell renewal and breaking down foreign substances
- Vacuoles: membrane-bound storage sacs, more common in plant cells
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
- Endocytosis: movement of large material into the cell, two types: bulk phase and receptor-mediated
- Exocytosis: movement of large molecules out of the cell, process is opposite of endocytosis
Organic Compounds
- Carbohydrates: made up of C, H, and O, examples: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
- Lipids: made up of C, H, and O, examples: fats and oils, provide energy and insulation
- Proteins: made up of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S, P, and Fe, provide structure and function
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
- Mitosis: process of cell division that maintains the number of chromosomes
- Cytokinesis: division of the rest of the cell into two daughter cells
- Errors in mitosis can result in cell death or abnormalities such as cancer### Phases of Mitosis
- Mitosis consists of 5 phases: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
- These phases are part of the process of karyokinesis, which includes early-stage telophase.
- Late-stage telophase is part of cytokinesis.
- Each phase involves different proteins performing specific roles to divide genetic material.
Interphase
- No cell division occurs during this phase.
- The cell grows and becomes fully mature.
- DNA begins to replicate.
Prophase
- Chromatin shortens and thickens to form chromosomes.
- Chromosomes consist of chromatids and centromere.
- Microtubules organize to form mitotic spindles.
- Nucleolus and nuclear membrane/envelope begin to disappear.
Metaphase
- Chromosomes arrange themselves at the cell's equator (metaphase plate).
- Mitotic spindles assist in this arrangement.
- Centromeres attach to the mitotic spindles.
Anaphase
- Each pair of chromosomes is pulled apart into chromatids.
- Centromeres divide.
- Chromatids are now called daughter chromosomes and are identical to the mother chromosomes.
- Spindle fibres contact and shorten, pulling chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase
- Early telophase:
- Spindle fibres disappear.
- Chromosomes deconstruct into chromatin.
- A new nuclear envelope begins to form around the chromatin.
- Cell membrane begins to cleave (cell cleavage) in preparation for cytokinesis.
Cytokinesis
- The cell membrane is pinched off to form 2 separate compartments.
- Cytoplasm and organelles are divided between the daughter cells.
- At the end, the membrane fuses and cuts the two daughter cells off from each other.
Characteristics of Daughter Cells
- Daughter cells have identical DNA and the same amount of cytoplasm and organelles.
Mitosis Definitions
- Nucleus: location of DNA in a cell.
- Nuclear envelope: membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
- DNA: long molecule containing genetic blueprints for cell behavior.
- Chromatin: loosely bundled coil of DNA.
- Histones: proteins that hold DNA together in chromatin.
- Chromosome: highly organized form of chromatin.
- Chromatids: 1 half of a chromosome containing the same genetic information.
- Centromere: bundle of proteins connecting the 2 chromatids to form a chromosome.
Mitosis in Plants
- Mitosis occurs in special meristematic cells.
- Growth occurs in length (radicle, plumule, or buds) and thickness (division in cambium tissue in stem).
Mitosis in Animals
- Mitosis takes place in special organ tissues.
- Examples include embryonic development, basal layer of epidermis, long bones, and lymph glands.
Benefits of Mitosis
- Mitosis enables growth processes (length, thickness, metamorphosis, and increase in natural aging).
- Mitosis allows for the repair and replacement of damaged/worn-out cells.
- Mitosis is a method of reproduction in unicellular organisms (binary fission).
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz covers the procedures and results of three important biological tests: glucose test using Benedict's solution, starch test using iodine, and fat test using ethanol. Learn the steps and outcomes of each test.
